1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: Making sense of research for sustainable land management (GLUES)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Brandenburg Technical University (btu) - Alemanha

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

University of Antananarivo - Madagascar

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) - Suíça

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

19/05/2015

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Propagation of “samata” cuttings for long-term provision of supplementary livestock fodder to reduce the pressure on natural vegetation.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The succulent evergreen tree Euphorbia stenoclada (“samata”) is the most important dry season fodder resource on the coastal plains grazing grounds in the Mahafaly Plateau region. To increase production, samata can be vegetatively propagated with cuttings raised in a nursery. The advantages are: (a) protection against livestock, (b) selection of the most appropriate planting stock to propagate and (c) easy watering. Cuttings should only be taken from mature trees 7-10 years old and 3-4 m high. The mother plants should be healthy, with few spines, and no previous cuttings taken. Cuttings are taken at the upper nodes of the branches, approximately 20-25 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm diameter. Transport of the cuttings to the nursery should be carried out in the morning to avoid heat. For effective rooting, the cutting is planted 5 cm (1-2 nodes) into a humid substrate in a plastic pot or directly into the ground. Best results are achieved using white sea sand mixed with some organic material. Cuttings should be raised in a sunny location. During the first 15 days, the cuttings need to be watered once every morning. For the next 3-4 months, they need watering every second morning. 24 hours before transplantation from the nursery to the final destination, the cuttings should be abundantly watered. Rooted cuttings are transplanted into pits of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm depth, filled with the same substrate as used in the nursery. For 15 days, the transplants are watered on a daily basis, and afterwards every second day. After 30-45 days, the transplants are ready to survive without further care. If the planting location is open to roaming livestock, the cuttings need protection.

Purpose of the Technology: The samata tree naturally reproduces by seeds as well as by vegetative reproduction. However the German funded SULAMA research project has had most success with multiplication of the local variety with cuttings. This form of propagation is preferable as it is much faster and gives higher survival rates of the individuals: neither does it need much planting material, equipment or technical knowledge. Providing the villagers with the know-how, and assisting them to create local samata-nurseries, makes this technology promising. SuLaMa-WWF started this technique in April 2015, establishing 5 nurseries with 2,000 trees each (3 with village communities, 2 with local schools).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: On the coastal plain of the Mahafaly plateau region, the climatic and edaphic conditions do not support livestock raising based mainly on grasses. For 6-7 months, the herders are dependent on supplementary fodder plants, especially samata. The tree is fed by cutting its branches and slicing them. However pressure on this resource has led to depletion of stocks around many villages: this results from increasing demand and reduced supply. Higher demand is the result of changed herd movements, especially a shorter transhumance period. Lower supply is attributed to decreased precipitation, overuse of trees leading to poor regeneration or even the death of trees, and reduced samata areas due to the expansion of private crop fields. The overuse of trees is triggered by the overall scarcity of this resource as well as an ongoing privatization of the historically common land resources.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• durante experiências/ pesquisa
• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Project started with experimental trials of multiplication by cuttings in February 2014, first capacity development for land users through workshops on propagation technique in May 2015.

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): : Climatic constraints (especially low and erratic precipitation), deforestation, forest degradation, soil degradation, overgrazing, loss of arable land, fragmentation, low availability of surface and (very saline) ground water, privatization of common pool resources.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Climatic constraints, loss of arable land, low availability of animal fodder, soil degradation, low availability of surface and (very saline) ground water.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: samata trees are both found on the grazing area (naturally), as well as on agricultural fields (naturally, transplanted). Main reason for transplanting to fields however not shade/other positive interaction with crops, but for property rights reasons.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period from month to month: June - September

Densidade animal (se relevante):

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• variedades vegetal/raças de animais melhoradas

• Propagation of fodder plants

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 10-100 km2

Comentários:

application ongoing, the envisaged implementation area might be up to 1,000 km².

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bh: loss of habitats

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Slash&burn, charcoal production, overgrazing and grazing in forests), overgrazing (overexploitation of samata-trees), change of seasonal rainfall, droughts, other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (cyclones), population pressure (ca. 3% / year), poverty / wealth (Extreme poverty, subsistence and low economic development), education, access to knowledge and support services (limited access to improved tecniques for agriculture and livestock keeping)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Non-optimized crops), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Overexploitation of wild plants), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), wind storms / dust storms, land tenure (privatization of formerly open access rangeland leading to increased pressure on still open access samata-trees), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …), war and conflicts (armed cattle rustling on neighboring plateau let to new transhumance pattern towards implementation region, thus higher pressure on fodder resources), governance / institutional (limited access to improved tecniques for agriculture and livestock keeping)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Multiplication of samata trees through cuttings preferably in the cold season from June to August: (1) Selection of suitable mother plants: adult trees 7-10 years old, 3-4 m high, good phytosanitary condition, low in spines, without previous cuttings taken (2) Taking cuttings with a sharp knife at the upper nodes of the branches, approximately 20-25 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm in diameter. To ensure the survival of the mother tree, at least 10 branches should remain uncut. Transportation of the cuttings to the nursery takes place preferably in the early morning to avoid heat. (3) Daily care of cuttings in nurseries till the roots are well-established. The cuttings are planted 5 cm deep (1-2 nodes) into a humid substrate in a plastic bag or pot, filled with a substrate of white ocean sand mixed with some organic material, for example dung (75% sand, 25% dung). During the first 15 days, the cuttings need to be watered once every morning. For the next 3-4 months, they need watering every second morning. Shade has to be avoided. (4) Transplanting cuttings: 24 hours before transplanting, the cuttings need to be abundantly watered. The rooted cuttings are transplanted into holes of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm depth, filled with the same substrate used in
the nursery. For 15 days, the transplants are watered on a daily basis, and afterwards every second day. After 30-45 days, the transplants will be ready to survive without any further human attention.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase of biomass (quantity)

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 300
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3

Trees/ shrubs species: Euphorbbia stenoclada, planted cuttings (artificial vegetative multiplication)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 0%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0%

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Madagascar-Ariary

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

3227,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Collection of cuttings from mother trees	Vegetativo	End of wet season
2.	Preparation of substrate and pots/bags	Vegetativo	End of wet season
3.	Planting of cuttings in plastic pots/bags	Vegetativo	End of wet season
4.	Watering of cuttings during the dry season	Vegetativo	First every day, after 15 days every second day during dry season, till transplantion to final destination
5.	Fencing of final destination area for cuttings (hedges of local material), if neccesary	Vegetativo	Before transplantation of cuttings
6.	Transplantation of cuttings from plastic pots to final destination	Vegetativo	During next wet season
7.	Monitoring	Vegetativo	first days after transplantation
8.	Watering of small trees	Vegetativo	Every day for first 15 days, then every second day (30-45 days after transplantation)

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	415,0	415,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	ha	1,0	23,0	23,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Earth and manure	ha	1,0	7,5	7,5	100,0
Outros	Transportation, ox chart hire	ha	1,0	9,3	9,3	100,0
Outros	Plastic pots	ha	1,0	93,0	93,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					547,8

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 4.5 month(s)

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: knives, scissors, shovels, watering cans

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The multiplication of samata trees comprise labour costs mainly. The time spent watering the cuttings is the most significant.
There are no maintenance costs, as after transplantation to final destination and watering for some month, there are no yearly recurring activities.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility is very low
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is very low

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 3% - 4%
1% of the land users are rich.
9% of the land users are average wealthy.
20% of the land users are poor.
70% of the land users are poor.
Off-farm income specification: business, trade, temporary labour migration, charcoal making
Market orientation cropland production system: Subistence (self-supply) (agriculture with annual food shortages and some off-farm income) and mixed (subsistence and commercial) (livestock mainly used for selling and thus getting some cash in order to buy food or other aims)
Market orientation grazing land production system: Mixed (subsistence and commercial) (samata has become an importan local cash crop, selling of annual harvesting rights to livestock owners )

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

Comentários:

Land devoted by the communities for crop production belong to clans/lineages and their members (individual, untitled), while land devoted to grazing is an open access common pool resource, but currently undergoing an unregulated privatization process.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	não conhecido

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	não conhecido
Tempestade de vento local	não bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não conhecido

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não conhecido

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Knowledge transfer of new technology has just started recently

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Knowledge transfer of new technology has just started recently

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Knowledge transfer of new technology has just started recently

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Land users are interested in applying this technology, as the samata tree is their main dry season fodder plant and overuse and scarcity today is severe How can they be sustained / enhanced? Providing land users with the technical knowledge and know how about samata propagation.
‘Artificial’ propagation of samata by vegetative multiplication (cuttings) does not require any special equipment or much specific knowledge.
Increasing the number of trees on the grazing land, and decreasing the pressure on trees enlarges the crown diameter of trees, thus providing additional shade for wild and domestic animals.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Land users are unaware that ‘artificial’ propagation through cuttings is possible	Spread this knowledge.
The cuttings need constant care, as they need to be watered frequently over many weeks. This requires attention and labour	The long-term benefits outweigh the labour invested.

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Johanna Goetter and Regina Neudert (2016) New rules are not rules: Privatization of pastoral commons and local attempts at curtailment in southwest Madagascar

Disponível de onde? Custos?

International Journal of the Commons (10:2). DOI: 10.18352/ijc.743

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Johanna Goetter et al. (2015) Degradation of the Important Fodder Tree Euphorbia stenoclada

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Southwest Madagascar and Approaches for Improved Management. Poster presented at the conference Tropentag 2015, September 16 - 18, Berlin, Germany. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3734.7445

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Antsonantenainarivony O. Goum (2015) Guide pratique pour la bouture de samata (Euphorbia stenoclada Baill.) dans la partie littorale de la région Sud-Ouest de Madagascar.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://www.sulama.de/index.php/en/literature/reports-english.html

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

Título/ descrição:

Antsonantenainarivony O. Goum (2015) Guide pratique pour la bouture de samata (Euphorbia stenoclada Baill.) dans la partie littorale de la région Sud-Ouest de Madagascar.

URL:

http://www.sulama.de/index.php/en/literature/reports-english.html