1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: Making sense of research for sustainable land management (GLUES)

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Climate Change - Land Use Strategies (CC-LandStraD / GLUES)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Thünen Institute (Thünen Institute) - Alemanha

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

29/07/2015

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre as abordagens da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Re-wetting of organic soils and following adapted management suitable for wet conditions like extensive grazing land or paludiculture.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

In peat lands, formed over centuries, reducing the ground water level leads to min-eralization: this results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and leaching of dis-solved organic nutrients into adjacent water bodies. Furthermore, drainage leads to the destruction of highly specialized ecosystems. Re-wetting, by removing of drain-age systems (etc.), means the restoration of a higher ground water level which can reduce GHG emissions in the long term. Re-wetting to a water-level of 10 cm below the soil surface is ideal for reducing GHG emissions and preventing peat mineraliza-tion. One prerequisite for re-wetting is that soil degradation and peat mineralization are not too advanced. An adequate water supply must be available. Re-wetting also affects adjacent areas so possible impacts such as flooding of settlements and in-frastructure must be considered.

Purpose of the Technology: Land uses suitable for the soil conditions after re-wetting are extensive grazing, or paludiculture. Paludiculture is the cultivation of wet organic soils by preserving or renewing peat by planting and harvesting specific trees (e.g. alder), reeds and sedges. On fens, alder trees (for wood /biomass production) or plant species grown for their products (e.g. for thatch) or bioenergy, including the common reed, reed canary grass or cat’s-tail, can be cultivated. On peat bogs sphagnum farming as a peat substitute in horticulture, or as a medicinal plant, is possible. The first harvest of the common reed can take place four years post-establishment; thereafter annually. Alternatively, extensive livestock grazing with water buffalo or suitable breeds of cattle like Galloway or Heck has potential for re-wetted land. Year-round grazing is possible with a carrying capacity of up to 0.7 livestock units/ha.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Apart from avoiding huge amounts of GHG emissions and bringing land into alter-native production, further aims of re-wetting and adapting land use are:
- soil protection (soil structure, water content, peat protection);
- water protection (water quality, buffering / filtering water);
- protection of the landscape’s water regime and material balance (solute transport);
- biodiversity protection (retaining a sensitive ecosystem with specialized/ threatened species); and
- flood protection (organic soils can quickly absorb large amount of water).
There are many advantages for the environment while still creating a (modest) in-come for land users. Unlike most other bioenergy production chains (e.g. maize, rapeseed) which do not have these environmental co-benefits, paludiculture with the common reed can become a sustainable production system.

Natural / human environment: The Altmark region is located on the North German Plain. The region is predomi-nantly characterized by agriculture but has many forests too. Because of the high proportion of grassland, cattle are important. The use of biomass for bioenergy was increasing and many biogas plants were established in the last few years. Fens are mostly located in Altmark-County Salzwedel. Here, the average population density (42.7 inhabitants km2) is relatively low in the German context and the annual precipi-tation of 466mm is also below the overall German average.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• durante experiências/ pesquisa

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

answer refers to re-wetting

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Drainage causes mineralization, sagging and reduction of organic matter of organic soils as well as high GHG emissions, disturbed water regimes, destruction of valuable ecosystems and loss of ecosystem services.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Long term use of drained organic soils leads to soil degradation and lower productivity. Thus, more fertilizer is needed. Due to sagging of organic soils, ditches and drainages need to be renewed every 10-15 years.

Ranching: Water buffalo, adapted cattles (e.g. Heck cattle, Galloway)

Grazingland comments: extensive grassland use with mowing and/or grazing; or paludiculture (e.g. Common Reed)

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

Type of grazing system comments: extensive grassland use with mowing and/or grazing; or paludiculture (e.g. Common Reed)

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Comentários:

Water supply: rainfed, rainfed

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 234Longest growing period from month to month: Spring-autumn

Densidade animal (se relevante):

50-100 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão/proteção de zonas úmidas

• Re-wetting of organic soils

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 288 m2.

Potential area: 288 km2 (~ 6% of the region). The area stated is the area that is potentially usable for the technology due to available geographical data; requirements: fen (Nieder- und Anmoor), area under agricultural land use, outside of nature protection areas (national parc, nature reserve, FFH area, SPA area, Ramsar). Due to re-wetting restrictions by factors like nowadays water level in the area, settlements etc., the effective area suitable will be lower.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures, management measures

Specification of other vegetative measures: paludiculture

Specification of other structural measures: removal of drainage system, dykes, etc. allowing rise in groundwater level

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Pc: compaction, Ps: subsidence of organic soils, settling of soil, Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bh: loss of habitats, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline, Ha: aridification, Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level, Hq: decline of groundwater quality, Hw: reduction of the buffering capacity of wetland areas

Main causes of degradation: soil management (drainage), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (drainage)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (ploughing, fertilization)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Re-wetting of a fen with adapted agricultural land use afterwards: extensive grazing with cattle and paludiculture in Common Reed production.

Date: 07/2015

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Technical knowledge required for planners: high (Re-wetting concerns large areas)

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water

In blocks
Vegetative material: G : grass, O : other
Number of plants per (ha): G: full coverage, O: 5000
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): O: 2m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): O: 1m

Grass species: Grasses for extensive grassland use

Other species: Paludicultures like Common reed, Reed Canary grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): ~0%

Gradient along the rows / strips: ~0%

Structural measure: close/chamber ditches for groundwater level rise

Change of land use type: Crop land or intensive grassland to extensive grassland or paludiculture: see 2.5.2.2

Change of land use practices / intensity level: extensification

Layout change according to natural and human environment: Closed and chambered ditches/removed drainage systems: see 2.5.3.2

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	For fen re-wetting, removal or blocking of drainage systems like ditches, pumping stations, dykes or drainages is necessary. Extent depends strongly on local site conditions! (examples chosen from Landesumweltamt Brandenburg (2004)).	Estrutural
2.	Extensive grassland or paludiculture	Gestão
3.	Extensive grassland: if field is not already used as grassland but as cropland: grassland sowing	Vegetativo	July/August
4.	Extensive grassland: natural spread: no input	Vegetativo
5.	Paludiculture: planting Common Reed	Vegetativo	Spring

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	300,0	300,0	100,0
Equipamento	Machine use	ha	1,0	400,0	400,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedling	ha	1,0	2500,0	2500,0	100,0
Outros	Removal of drainage	ha	1,0	200,0	200,0	100,0
Outros	Ditch filling	ha	1,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
Outros	Make-ready and set-up cost	ha	1,0	2500,0	2500,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					6000,0

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	water level management: weir control ~once a week: efforts depends strongly on local conditions. Control is also necessary when weirs are used to ensure controlled water level.	Estrutural
2.	extensive grassland: mowing	Vegetativo	2 times per year
3.	extensive grassland: grazing with water buffalo, adapted cattles (e.g. Heck cattle, Galloway)	Vegetativo	year round
4.	paludiculture (Common Reed): harvesting	Vegetativo	Winter (ideally: frozen ground)/first harvest 4 years after establishment, thereafter annually
5.	management	Agronômico	yearly

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	250,0	250,0	100,0
Equipamento	Machine use	ha	1,0	600,0	600,0	100,0
Outros	Management	ha	1,0	150,0	150,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					1000,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: paludiculture: harvest in winter (frozen soil): normal machinery. If soil is not frozen: special machinery: snow groomer (crawler chain) modified as harvester

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Only rough estimates on costs and income can be given due to the very new and innovative technology. The technology is still in the introductory phase at present

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Altitudinal zone: 0-100 m a.s.l. (this only characterises the Altmark region), 500-1000 m a.s.l., 1000-1500 m a.s.l.

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil depth on average: shallow (21-50 cm) (refers to histic layer), moderately deep (51-80 cm), deep (81-120 cm), very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil fertility is very low-low
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is very high

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Seasonal fluctuations (surface water): Wet conditions throughout the year.

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Not high in number but in quality! Highly specified species. Depends on definition of Biodiversity

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: negative
Market orientation of production system: nature conservation
Market orientation of cropland production system: Comercial/market (cows for dairy farming and reed sold for bioenergy and thatching)
Market orientation of grazing land production system: Comercial/market (Grazing, mowing; paludiculture )

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado
• Comunitário/rural

• NGO

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Indivíduo

Comentários:

Land owners can re-wet their land and manage it suitable for wet conditions afterwards. The state or NGO, for example, can buy land and re-wet it; normally followed by nature protection. This technology can not be done by one land user. It has major impacts off-sites and reflects normally more then one farmer.

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	não bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	não conhecido

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

Depends strongly on subsidies and other incentive mechanisms as well as opportunity costs (regionally different). Further, if re-wetting is not financed by the land user the economic benefit is greater but even less as before re-wetting.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There is no increasing trend to adopt the technology as it is not economically attractive for farmer. But for environment groups (NGOs), without an economical interest, this measure can be interesting.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
By re-wetting organic soil huge amounts of GHG emissions can be avoided on a relatively small area How can they be sustained / enhanced? Financial incentives for farmers are needed e.g. based on GHG-mitigation potential. Alternatively, areas can be bought by e.g. NGOs or government for re-wetting/ nature protection
Paludiculture on re-wetted soils allows an adapted agricultural land use How can they be sustained / enhanced? Financial incentives (e.g. subside payments) for farmers are needed
Extensive grassland cultivation on re-wetted soils allows an adapted agricultural land use (grazing/mowing) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Financial incentives (e.g. subside payments) for farmers are needed
The use of fertilizer and manure inputs leads to pollution of water bodies. The water quality will be enhanced by less fertilizer/manure input through this technology compared to intensive agriculture.
Due to the technology, higher water retention, flood prevention and biodiversity can increase compared to use of drained organic soils.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
On re-wetted soil land use options are very restricted due to wet soil conditions.	Financial incentives for farmers are needed.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
High opportunity cost for land users: income from intensive cropland on drained soils is higher than income from re-wetted soils with extensive land use.	The technology could be economically attractive if farmers get financial incentives for applying it (re-wetting and adapted extensive usage). It would become even more attractive if no incentives were paid for e.g. maize production on drained organic soils (those incentives are actually paid if the maize is used for bioenergy production).

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Bonn A, et al. (2014) Klimaschutz durch Wiedervernässung von kohlenstoffreichen Böden. In: Naturkapital und Klimapolitik-Synergien und Konflikte.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Naturkapital Deutschland TEEB DE Report. Technische Universität Berlin Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung-UFZ, Berlin, Leipzig

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Wichtmann W, Wichmann S (2011) Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects of a Sustainable Biomass Production.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment, Special Issue (2011):77-81

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

URL:

http://www.duene-greifswald.de/de/projekte.php_enim.php

URL:

http://www.naturkapital-teeb.de/publikationen/projekteigene-publikationen.html

URL:

http://daten.ktbl.de/feldarbeit/home.html

URL:

https://www.stmelf.bayern.de/idb/default.html

URL:

ttps://www.google.de/search?q=Leitfaden+zur+Renaturierung+von+Feuchtgebieten+in+Brandenburg.+&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&gws_rd=cr&ei=btyoVebdJcGYsAH4tpWoCA