这是该案例的一个过时的非现行版本。 转到当前版本.
技术
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Adapted management of organic soils [德国]

technologies_1697 - 德国

完整性: 78%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:

Baum Sarah

+49 531 596 5237

sarah.baum@thuenen.de

Thünen Institute of Rural Studies

Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany

德国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Book project: Making sense of research for sustainable land management (GLUES)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Climate Change - Land Use Strategies (CC-LandStraD / GLUES)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Thünen Institute (Thünen Institute) - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

29/07/2015

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Re-wetting of organic soils and following adapted management suitable for wet conditions like extensive grazing land or paludiculture.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In peat lands, formed over centuries, reducing the ground water level leads to min-eralization: this results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and leaching of dis-solved organic nutrients into adjacent water bodies. Furthermore, drainage leads to the destruction of highly specialized ecosystems. Re-wetting, by removing of drain-age systems (etc.), means the restoration of a higher ground water level which can reduce GHG emissions in the long term. Re-wetting to a water-level of 10 cm below the soil surface is ideal for reducing GHG emissions and preventing peat mineraliza-tion. One prerequisite for re-wetting is that soil degradation and peat mineralization are not too advanced. An adequate water supply must be available. Re-wetting also affects adjacent areas so possible impacts such as flooding of settlements and in-frastructure must be considered.

Purpose of the Technology: Land uses suitable for the soil conditions after re-wetting are extensive grazing, or paludiculture. Paludiculture is the cultivation of wet organic soils by preserving or renewing peat by planting and harvesting specific trees (e.g. alder), reeds and sedges. On fens, alder trees (for wood /biomass production) or plant species grown for their products (e.g. for thatch) or bioenergy, including the common reed, reed canary grass or cat’s-tail, can be cultivated. On peat bogs sphagnum farming as a peat substitute in horticulture, or as a medicinal plant, is possible. The first harvest of the common reed can take place four years post-establishment; thereafter annually. Alternatively, extensive livestock grazing with water buffalo or suitable breeds of cattle like Galloway or Heck has potential for re-wetted land. Year-round grazing is possible with a carrying capacity of up to 0.7 livestock units/ha.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Apart from avoiding huge amounts of GHG emissions and bringing land into alter-native production, further aims of re-wetting and adapting land use are:
- soil protection (soil structure, water content, peat protection);
- water protection (water quality, buffering / filtering water);
- protection of the landscape’s water regime and material balance (solute transport);
- biodiversity protection (retaining a sensitive ecosystem with specialized/ threatened species); and
- flood protection (organic soils can quickly absorb large amount of water).
There are many advantages for the environment while still creating a (modest) in-come for land users. Unlike most other bioenergy production chains (e.g. maize, rapeseed) which do not have these environmental co-benefits, paludiculture with the common reed can become a sustainable production system.

Natural / human environment: The Altmark region is located on the North German Plain. The region is predomi-nantly characterized by agriculture but has many forests too. Because of the high proportion of grassland, cattle are important. The use of biomass for bioenergy was increasing and many biogas plants were established in the last few years. Fens are mostly located in Altmark-County Salzwedel. Here, the average population density (42.7 inhabitants km2) is relatively low in the German context and the annual precipi-tation of 466mm is also below the overall German average.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

德国

区域/州/省:

Germany, Saxony-Anhalt

有关地点的进一步说明:

Altmarkkreis Salzwedel and district Stendal (total area of region: 4744 km²)

注释:

Potential area: 288 km2 (~ 6% of the region). The area stated is the area that is potentially usable for the technology due to available geographical data; requirements: fen (Nieder- und Anmoor), area under agricultural land use, outside of nature protection areas (national parc, nature reserve, FFH area, SPA area, Ramsar). Due to re-wetting restrictions by factors like nowadays water level in the area, settlements etc., the effective area suitable will be lower.

Boundary points of the Technology area: 52.842906; 10.760956
52.351751; 11.858462
52.541514; 12.187856
52.870405; 12.231025
53.050502; 11.633261

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 在实验/研究期间
注释(项目类型等):

answer refers to re-wetting

3. SLM技术的分类

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
牧场

牧场

粗放式放牧场:
  • 经营牧场
主要动物种类及产品:

Main species: Water buffalo, adapted cattles (e.g. Heck cattle, Galloway)

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Drainage causes mineralization, sagging and reduction of organic matter of organic soils as well as high GHG emissions, disturbed water regimes, destruction of valuable ecosystems and loss of ecosystem services.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Long term use of drained organic soils leads to soil degradation and lower productivity. Thus, more fertilizer is needed. Due to sagging of organic soils, ditches and drainages need to be renewed every 10-15 years.

Ranching: Water buffalo, adapted cattles (e.g. Heck cattle, Galloway)

Grazingland comments: extensive grassland use with mowing and/or grazing; or paludiculture (e.g. Common Reed)

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

Type of grazing system comments: extensive grassland use with mowing and/or grazing; or paludiculture (e.g. Common Reed)

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化,则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

注释:

Water supply: rainfed, rainfed

每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 234Longest growing period from month to month: Spring-autumn

牲畜密度(如相关):

50-100 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 湿地保护/管理
  • Re-wetting of organic soils

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 288 m2.

Potential area: 288 km2 (~ 6% of the region). The area stated is the area that is potentially usable for the technology due to available geographical data; requirements: fen (Nieder- und Anmoor), area under agricultural land use, outside of nature protection areas (national parc, nature reserve, FFH area, SPA area, Ramsar). Due to re-wetting restrictions by factors like nowadays water level in the area, settlements etc., the effective area suitable will be lower.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

植物措施

  • V2:草和多年生草本植物
  • V5:其它
结构措施

结构措施

  • S11:其它
管理措施

管理措施

  • M1:改变土地使用类型
  • M2:改变管理/强度级别
  • M3:根据自然和人文环境进行布局
注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures, management measures

Specification of other vegetative measures: paludiculture

Specification of other structural measures: removal of drainage system, dykes, etc. allowing rise in groundwater level

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
物理性土壤退化

物理性土壤退化

  • Pc:压实
  • Ps:有机土壤沉降,土壤沉降
  • Pu:由于其他活动而导致生物生产功能的丧失
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bh:栖息地丧失
  • Bs:质量和物种组成/多样性的下降
水质恶化

水质恶化

  • Ha:干旱化
  • Hg:地下水/含水层水位的变化
  • Hq:地下水水质下降
  • Hw:湿地缓冲能力下降
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Pc: compaction, Ps: subsidence of organic soils, settling of soil, Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bh: loss of habitats, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline, Ha: aridification, Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level, Hq: decline of groundwater quality, Hw: reduction of the buffering capacity of wetland areas

Main causes of degradation: soil management (drainage), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (drainage)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (ploughing, fertilization)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 减少土地退化
注释:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

作者:

Sarah Baum, Thünen Institute of Rural Studies, Bundesallee 50, D-38116, Braunschweig, Germany

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Re-wetting of a fen with adapted agricultural land use afterwards: extensive grazing with cattle and paludiculture in Common Reed production.

Date: 07/2015

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Technical knowledge required for planners: high (Re-wetting concerns large areas)

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water

In blocks
Vegetative material: G : grass, O : other
Number of plants per (ha): G: full coverage, O: 5000
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): O: 2m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): O: 1m

Grass species: Grasses for extensive grassland use

Other species: Paludicultures like Common reed, Reed Canary grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): ~0%

Gradient along the rows / strips: ~0%

Structural measure: close/chamber ditches for groundwater level rise

Change of land use type: Crop land or intensive grassland to extensive grassland or paludiculture: see 2.5.2.2

Change of land use practices / intensity level: extensification

Layout change according to natural and human environment: Closed and chambered ditches/removed drainage systems: see 2.5.3.2

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. For fen re-wetting, removal or blocking of drainage systems like ditches, pumping stations, dykes or drainages is necessary. Extent depends strongly on local site conditions! (examples chosen from Landesumweltamt Brandenburg (2004)). 结构性的
2. Extensive grassland or paludiculture 管理
3. Extensive grassland: if field is not already used as grassland but as cropland: grassland sowing 植物性的 July/August
4. Extensive grassland: natural spread: no input 植物性的
5. Paludiculture: planting Common Reed 植物性的 Spring

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 300.0 300.0 100.0
设备 Machine use ha 1.0 400.0 400.0 100.0
植物材料 Seedling ha 1.0 2500.0 2500.0 100.0
其它 Removal of drainage ha 1.0 200.0 200.0 100.0
其它 Ditch filling ha 1.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
其它 Make-ready and set-up cost ha 1.0 2500.0 2500.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 6000.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. water level management: weir control ~once a week: efforts depends strongly on local conditions. Control is also necessary when weirs are used to ensure controlled water level. 结构性的
2. extensive grassland: mowing 植物性的 2 times per year
3. extensive grassland: grazing with water buffalo, adapted cattles (e.g. Heck cattle, Galloway) 植物性的 year round
4. paludiculture (Common Reed): harvesting 植物性的 Winter (ideally: frozen ground)/first harvest 4 years after establishment, thereafter annually
5. management 农业学的 yearly

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 250.0 250.0 100.0
设备 Machine use ha 1.0 600.0 600.0 100.0
其它 Management ha 1.0 150.0 150.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 1000.0
注释:

Machinery/ tools: paludiculture: harvest in winter (frozen soil): normal machinery. If soil is not frozen: special machinery: snow groomer (crawler chain) modified as harvester

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Only rough estimates on costs and income can be given due to the very new and innovative technology. The technology is still in the introductory phase at present

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
有关降雨的规范/注释:

Annual rainfall: 500-750 mm, 750-1000 mm, 1000-1500 mm, 1500-2000 mm
250-500mm: This only characterises the Altmark region (average 460mm); more rainfall is possible!

农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润

Thermal climate class: temperate. Altmark region

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 0-100 m a.s.l. (this only characterises the Altmark region), 500-1000 m a.s.l., 1000-1500 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
表土有机质:
  • 高(>3%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: shallow (21-50 cm) (refers to histic layer), moderately deep (51-80 cm), deep (81-120 cm), very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil fertility is very low-low
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is very high

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

表面上

地表水的可用性:

过量

水质(未处理):

仅供农业使用(灌溉)

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Seasonal fluctuations (surface water): Wet conditions throughout the year.

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Not high in number but in quality! Highly specified species. Depends on definition of Biodiversity

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 商业/市场
个人或集体:
  • 团体/社区
机械化水平:
  • 机械化/电动
性别:
  • 女人
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: negative
Market orientation of production system: nature conservation
Market orientation of cropland production system: Comercial/market (cows for dairy farming and reed sold for bioenergy and thatching)
Market orientation of grazing land production system: Comercial/market (Grazing, mowing; paludiculture )

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 社区/村庄
  • NGO
土地使用权:
  • 个人
用水权:
  • 个人
注释:

Land owners can re-wet their land and manage it suitable for wet conditions afterwards. The state or NGO, for example, can buy land and re-wet it; normally followed by nature protection. This technology can not be done by one land user. It has major impacts off-sites and reflects normally more then one farmer.

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加

饲料生产

降低
增加

饲料质量

降低
增加

畜牧生产

降低
增加

生产故障风险

增加
降低

生产区域

降低
增加

土地管理

妨碍
简化
水资源可用性和质量

灌溉用水需求

增加
降低
收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Thorugh extensification

农业收入

降低
增加

收入来源的多样性

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

possibly

经济差异

增加
降低

工作量

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Thorugh extensification

生态影响

水循环/径流

水量

降低
增加

水质

降低
增加

地表径流

增加
降低

地下水位/含水层

下降
补水
土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

In terms of former cropland

土壤流失

增加
降低

土壤压实

增加
减少

养分循环/补给

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Extensive usage

土壤有机物/地下C

降低
增加
生物多样性:植被、动物

植物多样性

降低
增加

动物多样性

降低
增加

栖息地多样性

降低
增加
减少气候和灾害风险

碳和温室气体的排放

增加
降低
SLM之前的数量:

15-30

SLM之后的数量:

0.8

注释/具体说明:

Before conserv.: Ca. 15-30 tCO2eq/ha*a quantify (indicate unit) after conserv.: 0-8 tCO2equ/ha*a specify: mean reduction potential peat bogs: 15tCO2equ/ha*a; fens: 30tCO2equ/ha*a

其它生态影响

Value for nature conservation/relevant species

reduced
improved

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

旱季稳定可靠的水流

减少
增加
注释/具体说明:

Perhaps

下游洪水

增加
减少

地下水/河流污染

增加
减少

缓冲/过滤能力

减少
改良

对邻近农田的破坏

增加
减少
注释/具体说明:

Re-wetting is only possible on larger scales

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 气候变化/极端天气的类型 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加 不好

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨
局地风暴 未知
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱 不好
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果
该技术是如何应对的?
缩短生长期

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常消极

长期回报:

消极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常消极

长期回报:

消极

注释:

Depends strongly on subsidies and other incentive mechanisms as well as opportunity costs (regionally different). Further, if re-wetting is not financed by the land user the economic benefit is greater but even less as before re-wetting.

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发地采用该技术,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 0-10%
注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There is no increasing trend to adopt the technology as it is not economically attractive for farmer. But for environment groups (NGOs), without an economical interest, this measure can be interesting.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
By re-wetting organic soil huge amounts of GHG emissions can be avoided on a relatively small area

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Financial incentives for farmers are needed e.g. based on GHG-mitigation potential. Alternatively, areas can be bought by e.g. NGOs or government for re-wetting/ nature protection
Paludiculture on re-wetted soils allows an adapted agricultural land use

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Financial incentives (e.g. subside payments) for farmers are needed
Extensive grassland cultivation on re-wetted soils allows an adapted agricultural land use (grazing/mowing)

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Financial incentives (e.g. subside payments) for farmers are needed
The use of fertilizer and manure inputs leads to pollution of water bodies. The water quality will be enhanced by less fertilizer/manure input through this technology compared to intensive agriculture.
Due to the technology, higher water retention, flood prevention and biodiversity can increase compared to use of drained organic soils.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
On re-wetted soil land use options are very restricted due to wet soil conditions. Financial incentives for farmers are needed.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
High opportunity cost for land users: income from intensive cropland on drained soils is higher than income from re-wetted soils with extensive land use. The technology could be economically attractive if farmers get financial incentives for applying it (re-wetting and adapted extensive usage). It would become even more attractive if no incentives were paid for e.g. maize production on drained organic soils (those incentives are actually paid if the maize is used for bioenergy production).

7. 参考和链接

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Bonn A, et al. (2014) Klimaschutz durch Wiedervernässung von kohlenstoffreichen Böden. In: Naturkapital und Klimapolitik-Synergien und Konflikte.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Naturkapital Deutschland TEEB DE Report. Technische Universität Berlin Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung-UFZ, Berlin, Leipzig

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Wichtmann W, Wichmann S (2011) Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects of a Sustainable Biomass Production.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment, Special Issue (2011):77-81

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

URL:

http://www.duene-greifswald.de/de/projekte.php_enim.php

URL:

http://www.naturkapital-teeb.de/publikationen/projekteigene-publikationen.html

URL:

http://daten.ktbl.de/feldarbeit/home.html

URL:

https://www.stmelf.bayern.de/idb/default.html

URL:

ttps://www.google.de/search?q=Leitfaden+zur+Renaturierung+von+Feuchtgebieten+in+Brandenburg.+&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&gws_rd=cr&ei=btyoVebdJcGYsAH4tpWoCA

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