1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM I)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Alemanha

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

03/05/2011

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Protection of reforestation sites (willow, poplar and fruit trees) through living seabuckthorn perimeter fencing on Joint Forestry Management plots.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

In the heavily degraded flood plain forests of the Pamirs in eastern Tajikistan, living fences made out of seabuckthorn are protecting reforestation and Joint Forestry Management (JFM) sites. A living seabuckthorn fence consists of two layers. The outer layer is an instant fence made of thorny seabuсkthorn branches. The purpose of the outer layer is to immediately restrict animal and human access to the reafforestation site. The outer layer also buffers the inner layer of seabuckthorn, which is planted from seabuckthorn seedlings. The inner layer will establish itself over a number of seasons, eventually growing to a height of 1.5-2m. Once established, the seabuckthorn bush provides a low cost sustainable perimeter fence to protect reforestation activities. The bush also produces fruits for processing (in the frame of CACILM)

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of this technology is to improve heavily degraded forest areas and establish new areas by restricting open access to the human population and preventing uncontrolled livestock grazing. As part of the Joint Forestry Management approach, these reforested areas are leased to the land user providing long-term legal control, as well as income opportunities for the tenants and the State Forestry Agency.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: As part of the Joint Forestry Management approach (TAJ015), land is allocated by the State Forestry Agency to a designated land user. Once the size of the plot is established, a solid fence constructed of off-cuts of seabuckthorn and supported by willow poles is established around the perimeter of the JFM reforestation area. The seabuckthorn branches are fixed together with willow twigs, willow branches or wire and are attached to wooden poles. Once completed, seabuckthorn seedlings are planted at 0.5m intervals along a small irrigation channel on the inner side of the perimeter fence. After a few seasons these seedlings will grow into a natural living fence, which will take over the protection role from the perimeter fence constructed from off-cuts. The reforestion area is planted with branches of willow and poplar and interspersed with fruit trees. Reforestation planting materials are readily available in most parts of GBAO, and the Forestry Agency facilitates free access to seabuckthorn branches, willow branches and wooden poles. If required, wire and tools are provided by the JFM project.

Natural / human environment: The natural forest cover and biological diversity in many areas of GBAO has been significantly degraded. While population density in GBAO is low, natural resources are scarce due to the high altitude mountain environment and the pressure on these resources is great. In Soviet times, the Pamir region was highly dependent on subsidized coal from other parts of the Soviet Union. After independence, coal was no longer available and other fuel had to be sourced. Population pressure, poverty, and the lack of established local level institutions to manage forest lands have rendered forest areas an open access resource where the local population harvests forest products and grazes livestock without regulation. The local Forestry Agencies do not have the capacity to control overuse or to implement sustainable forestry management. As a part of the Joint Forestry Management approach (TAJ015) this SLM technology is a reintroduction of a traditional method for the protection of reforestation sites against livestock and, additionally, it clearly demarcates forest plot ownership and boundaries.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Living seabuckthorn fencing is a traditional/indigenous method used for many years in the Pamirs. This technology has more recently been promoted by the project for the protection of forest plots under JFM. Similarly, the tree planting techniques used also follow traditionally applied methods in the Pamirs.

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Open access to forests leads to illegal use and destruction of forests; grazing of livestock within forest areas hinder regeneration of forests.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of fuel wood for cooking and heating; lack of pastures and fodder for maintaining or increasing livestock herds; land degradation and increasing vulnerability to natural hazard periods

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Plantation forestry: Yes

Problems / comments regarding forest use: For now most of the forest plots are strongly degraded natural and formerly forested areas. So far felling is strongly restricted and permitted only where afforestation is conducted.

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.), nature conservation / protection, protection against natural hazards

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Mixed: Ms: Silvo-pastoralism

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 100Longest growing period from month to month: May to July

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 20 m2.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: management measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, land tenure, governance / institutional (Lack of human and material resources of Forest Agency)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing, population pressure, poverty / wealth, war and conflicts (Lack of energy resources during civil war)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Living seabuckthorn fence: The dead part of the fence prevents livestock from entering the forest plot, while in the long run the planted seedlings take over this role by forming a dense living seabuckthorn barrier.

Location: -. Gorno Badakhshan, Tajikistan

Date: February 2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (It is not a difficult technology to implement.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400-800
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Trees/ shrubs species: seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)

Change of land use type: Enclosure of the plot, change from grazing to forest

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Change from open access to controlled access (fence)

Control / change of species composition

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Tajik Somoni

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

4,5

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Establishment of living seabuckthorn fence	Vegetativo	Any time
2.	Planting of poplar and willows	Vegetativo	early spring
3.	Planting of fruit trees	Vegetativo	early spring

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Establishment of living seabuckthorn fence	Mandays	160,0	6,6625	1066,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Planting of poplar and willows	Mandays	40,0	6,65	266,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Planting of fruit trees	Mandays	3,0	6,666	20,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	piece	4,0	5,5	22,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings Seabuckthorn	piece	2000,0	0,2225	445,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings of poplar and willows	piece	1200,0	0,22166	265,99
Material vegetal	Seedlings fruit trees	piece	50,0	1,11	55,5	100,0
Material de construção	Wood	360 cub per m	1000,0	0,8	800,0
Material de construção	Wire	m	1000,0	0,111	111,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					3051,49

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Fence repair	Vegetativo	spring, annually
2.	Plant tending	Vegetativo	spring, annually

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Fence repair	Mandays	3,0	6,666	20,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Plant tending	Mandays	4,0	6,75	27,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	piece	2,0	13,5	27,0
Material vegetal						8,0
Material de construção	Wood	2 cub per m	1000,0	0,0089	8,9	100,0
Material de construção	Wire	meter	10,0	0,1	1,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					83,9

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: Spades, scissors, picks, gloves, planting bars.

The costs were calculated for 1000m of live seabuckthorn fence and approximately 1ha of tree planting, including 50 fruit trees and 1200 poplars and willows. Costs were calculated in April 2011. It is assumed that seabuckthorn and wood for poles are readily available on the forest plot or can be provided by the State Forestry Agency from nearby plots. Seedlings needed for the live part of the fence are very small parts of seabuckthorn plants, which are available as well wherever seabuckthorn grows. Tools are provided through the Joint Forestry Management project for the period they are needed for construction and maintenance. The mentioned enrichment plantings do not apply to every plot to the same extent. These also highly depend on the motivation and interest of the tenant.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The seabuckthorn seedlings are readily available in the area of implementation and incur no financial cost to the forest tenant. The labour is provided by the forest tenant. Labour is potentially a major expense if the land user must pay for it. Factors that contribute to the amount of labour required include the distance the seabuckthorn wood and seedlings have to be transported and the soil texture for the digging of a trench for the erection of the fence.
So far, the material needed for fencing and tree planting has been provided free of charge by the Forestry Agency. The only financial cost to the land user is the cost of the fruit trees, approximately 5 som per sapling. The land is provided by the Forestry Agency free of charge, however percentages of harvested forest products have to be paid to the Forestry Agency as the land owner's share.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Posições convexas

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Footslopes only where there is sufficient water coming from the gorges. Flood plain forests in the valley floors (convex). Flood plain forests in valley floors, flat areas.

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women are encouraged to participate, but as the work consists in rather strenuous forestry work, it is mainly applied by men.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

10% of the land users are average wealthy.
80% of the land users are poor (mostly villagers with no formal employment).
10% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: Mostly subsistence farming. Income mainly from remittances and formal employment.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Arrendado

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)

Comentários:

Forest plots of the State Forestry Agency are leased to local forest tenants according to the procedure described in the approach TAJ015 "Joint Forestry Management". Therefore the tenants hold 20-years management and user rights specified in the contract for the leased plots. The technology is applied on these forest plots leased by the State Forestry Agency. Water use rights are strictly regulated on a communal basis, whereas use rights for forest plots have to be negotiated on a communal basis as well.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	não bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• mais que 50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

80% = 333 number of land user families / 85% of the area

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 50-90%

Comentários:

20% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

83 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Material support was only provided where necessary inputs were not available but fencing nonetheless was crucial for the rehabilitation of the site.

80% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

333 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: For some forest areas a fence was established around the whole forest plot (not around each tenants individual plot), significantly reducing the workload as compared to the calculated costs.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Ownership for a demarcated forest plot. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support trust in the ownership among tenants, effective collaboration with the Forestry Agency.
Increased income opportunities if regeneration of forests is improved, and legal access to fuelwood for subsistence. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of marketing opportunities.
Technology is easy to implement and non-available materials are provided. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Encourage building of living seabuckthorn fences and provide access to places where building materials are available.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Use of locally available material and indigenous species, therefore low level of external input. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support availability and spatial distribution of seabuckthorn for fencing, establish nurseries for seabuckthorn seedlings.
Implementation and promotion of traditionally used technology. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Training to show advantages and sustainability of the traditional fencing technique.
Effective protection of forest areas, protection of planted seedlings, support of natural regeneration. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of marketing opportunities for forest products and highlight the increased income and harvest opportunities if forests are protected and growing well.
Sustainability through the planting of seabuckthorn seedlings and the evolution towards a living seabuckthorn fence. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Highlight the lower maintenance costs once the fence is naturally growing and dense.
Potential for further processing of seabuckthorn. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of sustainable and market-oriented structures for seabuckthorn and other NTFP processing.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Livestock cannot be grazed on forest areas.	Trainings and participatory discussions on opportunities to increase fodder and pasture availability, including "cut and carry" systems and increased production of perennial and other fodder crops within the forest plots.
High workload for fencing and planting.	Highlight the longterm income and subsistence opportunities when increased amounts of forest products can be harvested and support the creation of value chains and marketing options for forest products.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Conflicts might arise within the village between the interest of protecting and supporting regeneration of the forest and the interest of villagers to graze their livestock on the forest plots.	Facilitation of integrated land management including forestry, pasture management and irrigation; facilitation of civil society organization formation.