1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

11/12/2017

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

Comentários:

The technology has demonstrated SLM.

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) is about people and their relationships with land. The tool as applied secures tenure through the recognition of tenure diversity and social contexts. In the management of land and resources use, STDM facilitates proper land use and management to minimize practices that lead to degradation.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Technology application: The Social Tenure Domain Model is applied in order to relate natural and human environments. It is a social tool that defines the relationship of persons to natural resources such as land, their utilization of it, and sharing - for sustainable development. To realize optimal resource utilization, the tool enables the direct engagement of the resource users in a collective and participatory way. The technology allows communities to be part of a guided data collection and data entry into an STDM platform. The data includes social and economic data based on what is needed. The platform also can enable storage of information and documents such as title deeds. Names, gender, properties where the community members needs to have such information. These details can be updated and can inform planning and resource allocation by government and development partners.
Main characteristics of the technology: STDM is a relational database built on an open source GIS platform called Quontum GIS (QGIS), running on Postgres SQL. This tool was built by Global Tools Land Network (GLTN). The tool captures both spatial information related to locations of land parcels, natural resources captured in points and defined in maps. Secondly, the technology captures socio-economic aspects of a resource, and allows definition of the type of relationship that exists between the resource and the person, as well as an indication of the percentage particular tenure regime in the areas including the existing rights and how they play out. The system recognizes the different level of rights thus appreciating that they are multiple and overlaid resulting to multiple uses. Therefore the technology enables the capture of bundles of rights that people have/should enjoy in a resource. The technology allows generation of reports and performs the desired analysis by the proponents and the beneficiaries of the information stored within the databases. It is open source, thus available free -hence its sustainability.
The purposes/ functions of the STDM: The functions of the technology as have been piloted by RECONCILE and partners has focused around land tenure. It addresses security of tenure for vulnerable poor communities living within informal settlements, through participatory common resource identification, mapping and documentation, key resources including cattle dips, salt lick areas/fields and water points management has improved. This is due to the recognition of boundaries anticipatorily defined leading to revival of and establishment of community resources management committees especially around water and grazing lands. This in return has improved /increased production of both plants and animals. However, the technology can be customized to serve other purposes of information storage and management.
The major activities/ inputs needed to establish/ maintain the technology: Major inputs are needed in empowerment of local communities through building their capacity to apply the technology through their own initiative. Building community-based resource centres and equipping them with computers installed with the software ensures that the technology is centred on the day-to-day activities of the communities and institutions.
Benefits/ impacts: The technology has left better organised communities in terms of managing land and other resources. The technology has assisted local governments to manage issues of land ownership, especially within the context of customary land tenure and ownership. The county governments of Kenya, for instance, have spatial data and information that can help in planning and resources allocation. In areas where the technology has been used in the context of RECONCILE's work, better services and resources can be acquired given accurate information of Mapping land tenure, boundaries, water points and the water rights, infrastructure, different grazing lands and plans for the utilization of the grazing land and the rights of different users. It can result in improved and sustainable use of natural resources which in turn have a direct impact on production.
Small-scale dairy farmers have been able to manage grazing lands, water and salt licks to improve production of animal products. Information captured and managed by the technology has enabled communities within informal settlements to negotiate with government authorities to enable land allocation and thus security of tenure and improved livelihoods.
What do land users like / dislike about the technology?
Likes: The technology is flexible, it can be customized to capture information in any form desired. It is based on a GIS platform which is easy to manipulate and is open source.
Dislikes: Users sometimes encounter errors that are a result of incorrect information entered, and these errors are written with the programming format: thus it requires good knowledge of the technology to remedy this.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2016

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Preserva ecossistema
• Protege uma bacia/zonas a jusante – em combinação com outra tecnologia

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

The technology did therefore help the communities to appreciate the common resources that support the livestock keeping.

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Before the mapping exercise, the management of most common resources were not given much attention. After participatory mapping and documenting these resources and the establishment of information on encroachment, degradation and the neglected water points, communities took up the management of the resources more seriously and therefore improved knowledge and clarity around the land tenure rights for the communities and the need for tenure security and protection of rangelands and the resources therein.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

April to October and November through March

Densidade animal (se relevante):

NA

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão natural e seminatural de floresta
• Gestão de pastoralismo e pastagem
• Gestão integrada plantação-criação de animais

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 10-100 km2

Comentários:

The technology is applicable in both. It can be customized to fit any use. The best outcome though is total area social enumeration and spatial mapping.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Land degradation in rangelands is a problem that is being experienced and other challenges especially in the areas where agro-pastoralism is practiced include sustainable land use and management. The mapping process while not having direct response to these issues, it demonstrated that the communities can use sustainable means in land use through land use planning.

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo
• Adaptar à degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

The overall space or measurements for the project areas were within the range of 25 to 75 square kilometres.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

101,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Enumeration of at least 1000 farmers	Outras medidas	9 months
2.	Mapping of communal resources water points, salt lick areas, cattle dips etc	Estrutural	9 months
3.	Mapping of private resources water points within the private areas	Estrutural	9 months
4.	Data Management	Gestão	3 months
5.	Preparation of data collection including testing of the tools	Outras medidas	1 month
6.	Dialogue sessions with community leaders	Gestão	2 months
7.	Negotiations on the methodology for data collection and the kind of information to be collected/asked	Estrutural	1 month
8.	Technical reviews and reflection with project team and partners	Gestão	1 month

Comentários:

The kind of tasks undertaken in this process is more project oriented combined with advocacy and policy processes.

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Enumerators	persons	90,0	50,0	4500,0
Mão-de-obra	Consultants	Persons	6,0	1000,0	6000,0
Mão-de-obra	Technical Staff contribution and time	persons	5,0	750,0	3750,0
Mão-de-obra	Data processing and management	persons	24,0	60,0	1440,0
Equipamento	Data entry and analysis	persons	20,0	40,0	800,0
Equipamento	GPS hiring		120,0	55,0	6600,0
Equipamento	GPS purchase		5,0	320,0	1600,0
Equipamento	Computers		4,0	750,0	3000,0
Equipamento	Conferences		9,0	1500,0	13500,0
Outros	Administrative costs	9 months	9,0	1400,0	12600,0
Outros	Logistical support		36,0	600,0	21600,0
Outros	Preliminary activities including targeted dialogue etc	Travels and associated costs	5,0	300,0	1500,0
Outros	Documentation of the project (to be finalized)	Video documentary	2,0	3000,0	6000,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					82890,0

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

UNHABITAT, RECONCILE, Smallholder Dairy Commercialization Programme (SDCP)

Comentários:

The project was supported by the UNHABITAT with contributions from RECONCILE and partners. the community contribution in kind is not included since it has not been tabulated in terms of cash.

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	NA
2.	NA
3.	NA

Comentários:

The project did not have physical structures developed. However, as a result of the work structures like cattle dips have been rehabilitated and are currently being maintained by the the communities themselves. This does not need recurrent costs for maintenance or otherwise by the project.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The technology costs are dependent on the size and number of resources targeted by the process. It will therefore define the costs accordingly.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Comunitário/rural
• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)
• Comunitário (organizado)

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos ecológicos

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Precipitação pluviométrica anual		redução/diminuição	moderadamente

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	moderadamente

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• mais que 50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

The technology covered around 500 individual farmers.

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 10-50%

Comentários:

The technology application did not attract any material gains or incentives but, the process was community centered thus the adoption.

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Sim

Especifique a adaptação da tecnologia (desenho, material/espécie, etc):

The technology was more of the urban oriented tool but had to be modified to adopt to the local demands.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Ability to define spatial space and common and private resources including those resources associated with milk production such as milk coolers, water points, cattle dips, food stores, grazing areas, salt licks, crushes, animal corridors, forest etc. Establishes the carrying capacity of communal shared resources.
Establishment of the land tenure system of shared communal resources and issues arising. Status (management) of private resources within the rangelands. Production and income generated against household size.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The nature of the problem required innovative use in the mapping of the land and natural resources. The technology addressed immediate needs and provided a foundation for future updates and demands. The technology benefited from the existing data and improved delivery of output without any impediments.
The technology bridged the gap through skills transfer and capacity building and in facilitating dialogue on issues affecting the community (Maps, reports). Ability to adapt the technology in a simple manner that the users can relate to, and find value in their use contributed immensely to success Introduced even a more user-friendly use of mobile and smart-phones. The “quick win” could be seen in the transformation of mobile phones into data collection tools and the data can be seen, verified and shared, replacing the tedious manual process which many were struggling with.
STDM databases accommodate the inclusion of social, economic and spatial data that can be maintained, accessed and updated by the communities anytime. Provided visual representation of available resources and their distribution and people can relate to spatial information on the map.
Ownership of technology by local people who are now leading on data collection, customizing the template, developing reports and innovating on its use.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
The design of the tool was more urban oriented and it took time to be adapted for rural use especially where land is communal and customary rights are key.	Created more awareness.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Difficult to set-up the server environment where no internet is available. Engaging other service providers may be difficult and takes time (Internet service provider need to authorize setting up additional server). Appropriate devices for capturing data may require an additional budget.	The internet component remains a challenge Technology is evolving and needs systematic information channels between the community members. The process requires proper funding in order not to have a break in between.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

Título/ descrição:

RECONCILE end of project report and other progress reports are available for sharing

Título/ descrição:

Food security in Bomet county

URL:

awsc.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/arts/.../Bomet-final.doc