1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)

Model farmer [Camboja]

Model farms were introduced by a NGO in order to spread knowledge about SLM (compost, System of Rice Intensification SRI, and other technologies) in the project area.

• Compilador/a: Christoph Kaufmann
• 27/10/2014 00:00

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Some points of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) technology, like the row transplanting of young seedlings and the use of compost are adapted and applied in Kampong Chhnang.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) was developed in the 1980s in Madagascar, where a French monk worked together with local farmers. The goals of the project were the improvement of the livelihoods of local farmers and the establishment of a farming system that is self-sufficient and thus needs no external inputs. SRI is not a recipe to be followed step by step, but general ideas that need to be adapted to the local conditions. These basic ideas are the following:
- Early transplanting of the seedlings, at the two-leaves-stage (less than 15 days after sowing). At this stage, the plant still has the potential to make a lot of tillers, and develop a strong root system. The seedlings are transplanted carefully, so the plant doesn’t suffer a transplanting shock.
- Wide spacing of single seedlings, usually in squares. The recommended spacing goes from 25 to 50 cm, depending on the soil fertility. This transplanting technique reduces the concurrence between the rice plants and allows the land user easier weeding.
- Aerating the soil. Rice is produced in standing water, but grows better if the roots are aerated. This is usually done with weeding, and additionally either by alternately flooding and letting the soil dry out, or by draining the water regularly. - The soil is fed with compost or manure in order to enhance the fertility and improve the soil structure.
SRI induces changes in deeply rooted local habits with some counter-intuitive knowledge like that more seeds do not produce more yields. Thus the methods have to be adapted locally and yields monitored to fit to other areas.

In Kampong Chhnang, the rice is transplanted at the six-leaves-stage, which is still earlier than conventional transplanting, with spacing of about 15 to 20 cm.

In Kampong Chhnang, the labour availability is low, as many young people work abroad or in the garment industry. Thus the SRI principles, which were taught by an NGO in 2004, were not followed completely, but adapted to this major constraint. The use of very young seedlings requires careful transplanting, which takes time. Thus the seedlings are transplanted at the 6 leaves stage. Due to the low soil fertility in the area, the optimal spacing as tested by CARDI (Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute), was about 20 by 20 cm.

The rice seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours, and then let to germinate in a hot and humid place for two days. Then they are sown on the seed bed, which is prepared with compost. As there is not enough compost available for all the fields, the seedbed is the only place where compost is applied. In the fields chemical fertilizer is used. The seedlings are transplanted after 20 to 25 days (5-6 leaves) single or two per hill, in rows 15 to 20 cm apart. They are transplanted in better levelled fields than conventional transplanting, to allow the use of less water, as the seedlings are smaller than conventional. Otherwise the water management is the same as conventional; due to the lack of labour availability, the fields are not drained as proposed by the NGO 10 years ago. The field is weeded with hoes. The rice is harvested after 85 % of the panicle turned yellow, thus obtaining the best quality.

The analysed area is flat (slope < 2%), with a tropical climate (dry season from November to May and wet season from June to October), and the soils are mostly sandy or loamy. The soil has a low fertility, contains little organic matter, and acidifies. The area has been deforested a long time ago, and the groundwater table is rather high (1-2 m during the dry season, on the surface during wet season).
Due to climate change, farmers notice more erratic rainfalls, temperature rises and more recurrent droughts. Rice is the predominant crop grown in the area, since it serves as staple food (mix subsistence and commercial activities).

The increasing migration rate (the young generation leaves the villages to work in the cities, garment industry or abroad) results in a decrease of available labour force in the area which has detrimental effects on the agricultural activities. Furthermore, the civil war in the 1970s (Khmer Rouge) led to the loss of agricultural knowledge which different NGOs try to re-establish.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• 10-50 anos atrás

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

In 2004, SRI was introduced to the land user of this case study by SOFDEC. Then the farmers adapted and transformed some steps.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Terra de cultivo

• Cultura anual

• rice

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 210, Longest growing period from month to month: June-December

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Lack of organic matter, lack of water retention in soil, irregularity of rainfall, low soil fertility (sandy soil), monocultures, bare soil during dry season, ploughing.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low soil fertility, sandy soil with low water retention.

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão integrada de fertilidade do solo

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Medidas agronômicas

• A1: cobertura vegetal/do solo
• A2: Matéria orgânica/fertilidade do solo

Comentários:

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, manure / compost / residues

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Deteriorização química do solo

• Cn: declínio de fertilidade e teor reduzido de matéria orgânica (não causado pela erosão)
• Ca: acidificação

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (The soil is ploughed and left bare for weeks in the dry season), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Rice monocultures), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (No organic matter is left on the fields), labour availability (High migration rates.), education, access to knowledge and support services (Khmer Rouge regime led to the loss of agricultural knowledge.)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

Especificações técnicas (relacionada ao desenho técnico):

Cambodia
Date: 25.10.2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate
Main technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)
Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter

Better crop cover
Material/ species: Rice
Remarks: Single or 2 young rice seedlings per hill, in rows, space 15-20 cm

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: 2 – 3 t of compost for the seed bed (0.25 ha, transplanted on 1 ha), 75 kg/ha after transplanting.
Quantity/ density: 2-3 t

Autor:

Luy Pisey Rith, Oxfam America, #94, Russian Boulevard, Sangkat Teuk Laak I, Khan Toul Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: Plough; a hand weeder can be used for higher yields but not enough labour is available on the fields. 1 ha; farmer owns 2 ha; year 2014

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The factor affecting the costs the most is the labour. SRI is labour intensive; the farmer needs twice as much time for a SRI field than for a conventional field. This is the reason he makes only a few of the steps he was taught 10 years ago by SOFDEC.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Ground water table: during dry season
Availability of surface water: during dry season

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
Off-farm income specification: Handicrafts, factory work, remittances

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Comunitário/rural
• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

Comentários:

Land users have a title that is not recognized by the state

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

Desastres climatológicos

Desastres hidrológicos

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

The building of the compost house (only establishment cost) was subsidized, so he had to pay only 5 $ to build it. On the long term the addition of compost is very positive for the soil fertility.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 11-50%

Comentários:

67% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
33% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
20 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
10 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Due to the lack of labour force less farmers are applying the SRI technology.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

List of documentation about SRI in English

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/extmats/index.html#english (free)