1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: Water Harvesting – Guidelines to Good Practice (Water Harvesting)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Nepal

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

A water harvesting system in which rain falling on a roof is led through connecting pipes into a ferro-cement water collecting jar.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Many households in Nepal’s midhills suffer from water shortages during the pronounced dry season. The technology described here - harvesting roofwater during times of heavy rainfall for later use - is a promising way of improving people’s access to water for household use, especially for households with no or only limited access to spring or stream water. The technology has yet to be extensively adopted in Nepal’s midhills.

Purpose of the Technology: The technology was introduced in the Jhikhu Khola watershed to demonstrate an alternative source of water for domestic use (mainly drinking water). This technology is appropriate for scattered rural households in mountaineous areas. The harvesting system consists of a catchment roof, conveyance pipes, and a storage jar. The pipes include a gutter system made from longitudinally split polythene pipe which has a flushing system that allows the system to be periodically flushed clean.
The collected water enters a 500 or 2000 litre capacity ferro-cement jar made using a mould (see photo). A preconstructed mould made from iron rods and polythene pipes is installed on a concrete base plate. Metal wires are extended from the base plate over the main mould to the top. Chicken mesh is then wrapped over the mould and tied securely with thin wire. A cement coating is applied over the metal structure. The jar is finished with three coatings of cement and the opening is covered with a fine nylon mesh to filter out undesired coarse matter. A tin lid is placed over the top.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: A tap is fixed about 20 cm above the ground. This height allows for water to be collected in the typical 15 litre local water vessels (gagri) and avoids collection of too much water in bigger vessels as well as minimising the dead storage of water (Nakarmi et al. 2003). Trained masons can easily install the entire system. Provided all the materials and the mould are available, the entire system can be put together in about a week. The main maintenance task is to keep the roof clean, especially after long dry periods. This is done using the gutter pipe flushing system in which the first dirty water from the roof is diverted away from the jar.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Water harvesting is an ancient practice, the system used in the Jhikhu Khola watershed came from Thailand, so the technology is often called 'Thai jar". In Nepal, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Support Programme (RWSSSP), which is jointly funded by the Government of Finland and His Majesties Government of Nepal, introduced it in the water deficit districts of western Nepal (Arghakhanchi, Gulmi, Kapilvastu, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Parbat, and Rupandehi).

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Access to water

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Inadequate water supply during the late winter and pre-monsoon months and sediment contamination during the wet season. The discharge from traditional water sources like dug-out ponds, springs, seepage ‘holes’, shallow wells and streamlets becomes limited soon after the end of the monsoon.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Many settlements are located on ridge tops and most water sources are located below making it difficult to provide water to households through networks of pipes. Women and girls often face hardship in carrying the water uphill, especially during the monsoon when trails are slippery.

Constraints of settlement / urban

Number of growing seasons per year: 3
Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Coleta de água

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: change of seasonal rainfall

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• Por unidade de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• USD

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Construct the concrete base plate with the help of base moluld	1st day of a week
2.	Curing work	2nd to 7th days of a week
3.	Final checking and metal cap putting over the top of the jar	7th day of a week
4.	First coat of cement	2nd day of a week
5.	Gutter and pipe fitting; including flush pipe	4th day of a week
6.	Inner coat of cement	6th day of a week
7.	Main mould installation with the help of metal wires, wrapping of chicken mesh	2nd day of a week
8.	Removal of mould	6th day of a week
9.	Second coat of cement	3rd day of a week

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Construction of rooftop rainwater harvesting system	Persons/unit	19,5	2,1	40,95	25,0
Material de construção	Cement	unit	1,0	23,6	23,6
Material de construção	Sand and aggregate	unit	1,0	1,4	1,4	100,0
Material de construção	Chicken wire mesh	unit	1,0	20,9	20,9
Material de construção	Metal jar cover	unit	1,0	5,5	5,5
Material de construção	Plastic sheet/mosquito screen	unit	1,0	1,5	1,5
Material de construção	Polyethylene, pipes, reducer	unit	1,0	23,7	23,7
Material de construção	Nail, clamps, pipe elbow etc.	unit	1,0	3,6	3,6
Material de construção	Brass tap. socket, seal tap	unit	1,0	3,5	3,5
Outros	Paint	unit	1,0	2,1	2,1
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					126,75
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					126,75

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.25 month(s)

Materials: cement (kg) 23.6 materials sand,aggregate (m3) 1.4 100 materials chicken wire mesh (m) 17.5 materials Iron wire (kg) 3.3 materials metal jar cover (no) 5.5 materials mosquito screen (m) 0.5 materials plastic sheet (m) 1 materials binding wire (kg) 0.1 materials snowcem paint (kg) 1.4 materials enamail paint (litre) 0.7 materials 90 mm HDP pipe (m) 10.3 materials 63 mm HDP pipe (m) 6.2 materials 40 mm HDP pipe (m) 6.8 materials reducer (no) 0.4 materials plain and roofing nails (kg) 0.2 materials metal clamp (no) 1.4 materials elbow, tee,end cap (no) 2.1 materials brass tap with latches (no) 2.1 materials 0 .5*10 inch GI nipple(no) 0.2 materials 1*10 inch GI nipple(no) 0.2 materials 1inch end cap (no) 0.7 materials GI socket (no) 0.2 materials thread seal tap (no) 0.1 Additional info Q 3.1.1.4: - less chance of disputes over turns to fetch water - medium General comments: Water harvesting is an ancient practice. The system used in the Jhikhu Khola watershed comes from Thailand, so the technology is often called ‘Thai jar’. In Nepal, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Support Programme (RWSSSP) introduced it in the water deficit districts of western Nepal.

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Cleaning the jar	dry months/one or twice in a year
2.	Flushing contaminated water	After a long dry spell/whenever required

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Cleaning the system	Persons/unit	7,0	2,1	14,7	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					14,7
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					14,7

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: hacksaw, steel scissors, hammer, pliers, wrench, trowel, steel pan bucket, and jug

Per unit cost of structure. The above mentioned cost is for unit water harvesting system. It can not be converted into hectare basis. It was estimated in 2006.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The mould and tools were provided by the project and can be used to install many water harvesting systems. Therefore, the cost of tools are not included here. Material costs fluctuate from time to time. The transport costs will vary according to the remoteness of the site. During 1999/2000, the cost of a system varied from US$80 to US$120, of which land users contributed about US$40 by providing the unskilled labour and locally available materials like sand and fine aggregates (calculated at an exchange rate of US$1 = NRs 73).

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Landforms: Also valley floors

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Water quality (untreated): More in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

15% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
50% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land (as ranked by the land users).

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Outros impactos socioeconômicos

Impactos socioculturais

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	aumento ou diminuição	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

Although the initial investment is high, the users immediately get more water. The high cost of installing the system means that the short term benefits are slightly negative.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

46 households in an area of 1 - 10 sq km (200 - 500 persons/sq km)

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 11-50%

Comentários:

74% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

34 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

26% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

12 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The number of households applying the technology is increasing without further incentives being provided.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
The stored water can be kept for use in emergencies such as to prepare food for guests during busy times like rice planting and harvesting, and during festivals. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Share experiences to extend adoption of the technology
Harvested water is tastier due to being cooler compared to the water collected in the polythene tank. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Laboratory analysis of the harvested rainwater in different time period, i.e. from 1st month of harvest to 12th month could help to know the quality status.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Harvested rainwater has saved almost one workday per day per family due to reduced water fetching time in this case referring to the rainy season, however water will generally be used during the dry season. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Publicise the economic benefits of the technology through experience sharing programmes.
Women are responsible for fetching water and so the technology reduces their workloads. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Implement a larger scale programme to promote the technology.
The jars are more durable than plastic tanks. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Carry out regular maintenance to keep systems in good working order.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
The technology is expensive for poor households.	External support is needed for poor households to afford this system.
The height of the tap is very low which makes it inconvenient to collect water in the gagree.	It was designed to use collected water efficiently, the tap height can be raised, which means that the dead storage is increased, i.e. more water is unavailable for use.
There are chances of the jar’s base plate subsiding due to lack of compactness of foundation.	The area of base plate should be made more compact.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
2,000 litre capacity jars barely meet the dry season needs of a household.	Larger sized jars or more than one jar need to be built to meet most household’s requirements.
Microbiological contamination (total and faecal coliform bacteria) and levels of phosphate above the EC maximum were found in a number of the jars caused by bird droppings and dust particles from the roof.	Regularly clean catchment roofs and treat water before drinking by boiling or chlorinating. Rainwater has a low mineral content which can be harmful for the human body, if taken in large quantities (due to reverse osmosis process).
This technology is not suitable for temple roofs because such roofs are usually home to large numbers of pigeons, and their excreta will contaminate rainwater that falls there.	Avoid badly contaminated catchments.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Sharma, C. (2001) Socioeconomic IndicativeImpact Assessment and Benchmark Study on Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting, Kabhrepalanchok District, Nepal, a report submitted to ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal

Disponível de onde? Custos?

ICIMOD

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

ICIMOD (2000) Water Harvesting Manual, unpublished manual prepared for PARDYP Project, ICIMOD

Disponível de onde? Custos?

ICIMOD

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

ICIMOD (2007) Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

Disponível de onde? Custos?

ICIMOD

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Lessons Learned from the People and Resource Dynamics Project , PARDYP/ICIMOD. 2006.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

ICIMOD

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Nakarmi, G.; Merz, J.; Dhakal, M. (2003) ‘Harvesting Roof Water for Livelihood Improvement: A Case Studyof the Yarsha Khola Watershed, Eastern Nepal’. In News Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society, 20: 83-87

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Nakarmi, G.; Merz, J. (2001) Harvesting Rain Water for Sustainable Water Supplies to Rural Households in the Yarsha Khola Watershed, a report submitted to Kirchgemeinde Zuoz, Switzerland and ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal

Disponível de onde? Custos?

ICIMOD