Rehabilitation of ancient terraces [Peru]
- Criação:
- Atualização:
- Compilador/a: Unknown User
- Editor: –
- Revisores: Fabian Ottiger, Alexandra Gavilano
Andenes / Anchacas / Patapatas
technologies_1506 - Peru
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Expandir tudo Recolher tudo1. Informação geral
1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia
Pessoa(s) capacitada(s)
Especialista em GST:
Marquina Rodolfo
Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo – DESCO
Peru
Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)
Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)
Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo (DESCO) - Peru1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT
O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:
Sim
1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)
Participatory catchment rehabilitation (Participación comunitaria para la rehabilitación … [Peru]
Promoting the rehabilitation of ancient terrace systems based on a systematic watershed management approach.
- Compilador/a: Philippe Zahner
2. Descrição da tecnologia de GST
2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia
Definição da tecnologia:
Repair of ancient stone wall bench terraces, and of an associated irrigation and drainage system.
2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia
Descrição:
The level bench terrace system in the Colca valley of Peru dates back to 600 years AD. Since then the terraces have been continuously used for crop production, but due to lack of maintenance they have deteriorated, and the population has lost its traditional knowledge of repair.
The rehabilitation of the terraces recreates their original structural design. Broken sections are cleared and the various materials - stones, topsoil, subsoil and weeds - are removed and separated. The foundation is re-established, followed by construction of the stone wall (the ‘riser’). Backfilling with subsoil then takes place; this is consolidated and finally covered with topsoil. Simultaneously the complementary irrigation and drainage systems are reconstructed.
The rehabilitated terraces efficiently conserve soil and water on steep slopes, and they create a favourable microclimate for crops, reducing loss of stored heat at night by minimising air movement (preventing frosts) and mitigating dry conditions through moisture conservation. The main economic benefits are from increased yields and crop diversification.
Terraces are spaced and sized according to slope, eg on a 50% slope, terraces are 4 m wide with a 2 m high riser between terrace beds. Stones of ancient terraces had been widely used to build walls for boundary marking after privatisation of land, therefore a large amount of stone had to be provided by splitting rocks and transporting from other locations.
The area is characterised by steep slopes with loamy-sandy, moderately deep soils (on the terrace beds). Most of the annual precipitation (ca. 350 mm) falls within a period of 3 months, which makes irrigation necessary. The farmers in the area own, on average, 1.2 hectares of arable land, divided into around six plots in different agro-ecological zones. Production is mainly for subsistence. Important supportive technologies include agronomic measures such as improved fallow, early tillage, ridging, and intercropping. Tree and shrub planting at the base of terrace walls is an optional measure with the aim of stabilising the walls, diversifying production and again ensuring a good microclimate. On average 250 trees/ha are planted; these are mainly native species such as c’olle (Buddleia spp.), mutuy (Cassia sp.), molle (Schinus molle: the ‘pepper tree’) and various fruit trees including capulí (Prunus salicifolia).
2.3 Fotos da tecnologia
2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação
País:
Peru
Região/Estado/Província:
Río Colca,Caylloma, Arequipa
Comentários:
Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 100 km2.
Map
×2.7 Introdução da tecnologia
Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:
- através de projetos/intervenções externas
3. Classificação da tecnologia de GST
3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia
- Melhora a produção
- Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
- Criar impacto econômico benéfico
3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada
Terra de cultivo
- Cultura anual
Cultivo anual - Especificar culturas:
- cereais - milho
- culturas forrageiras - alfalfa
- Legumes e leguminosas - feijão
- culturas de raiz/tubérculos- batatas
Especifique:
Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: Dec - Apr
Pastagem
Pastagem intensiva/produção de forragem:
- Semiestabulação/sem pastagem
Comentários:
Main crops (cash and food crops): Major food crop: Potatoes, maize,beans, etc
Main animal species and products: Alfalfa (cut and carry)
Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): - Loss of productive capacity: 30% of the agricultural land lost due to degraded terraces, severe deforestation (through
cutting for fuelwood), overgrazing and burning of grazing areas.
- Inefficient irrigation practices (flooding) due to poor maintenance of irrigation system (and drainage system in poor
condition), flood irrigation leads to deterioration of terraces.
- Loss of traditional knowledge of ancestral crop management practices (abandonment of appropriate rotation practices, lack of residue incorporation/recycling, unsystematic crop layout).
3.4 Abastecimento de água
Comentários:
Water supply: mixed rainfed - irrigated and rainfed
3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia
- Medidas de curva de nível
- Gestão de irrigação (inclusive abastecimento de água, drenagem)
- Desvio e drenagem de água
3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia
Medidas estruturais
- S1: Terraços
Comentários:
Main measures: structural measures
Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures
3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia
Erosão do solo pela água
- Wt: Perda do solo superficial/erosão de superfície
- Wg: Erosão por ravinas/ravinamento
Deteriorização química do solo
- Cn: declínio de fertilidade e teor reduzido de matéria orgânica (não causado pela erosão)
Degradação da água
- Ha: aridificação
Comentários:
Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Ha: aridification
3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo
Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:
- Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado
4. Especificações técnicas, implementação de atividades, entradas e custos
4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia
Especificações técnicas (relacionada ao desenho técnico):
Rehabilitated ancient terraces with high stone risers. Two options for irrigation and drainage of excess water are shown: outlets in the risers (left) and a broad water channel cutting perpendicularly through the terraces (right).
Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate
Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, improvement of microclimate
Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, increase in organic matter, increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, improvement of soil structure
Autor:
Mats Gurtner
4.3 Atividades de implantação
Atividade | Periodicidade (estação do ano) | |
---|---|---|
1. | Separation of materials of collapsed wall: subsoil, topsoil, stone, weeds. | dry period. |
2. | Cleaning and re-establishment of the foundation according to originalstructure. | dry period. |
3. | Cutting stones from rocks (blasting and splitting); transporting. | dry period. |
4. | Reconstruction of the stone wall, building on the basis of remainingintact structures of ancient terraces; simultaneous reconstructionof irrigation channels and complementary structures. | dry period. |
5. | Backfilling with subsoil, moistening soil and consolidation with motor | dry period. |
6. | Covering with fertile topsoil. | dry period. |
7. | Levelling of terrace bed and completion of riser edge (lip). | dry period. |
8. | Planting of trees below terrace walls (optional). | dry period. |
9. | Improved fallow, early tillage, ridging, and intercropping (supportivemeasures). | dry period. |
4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação
Especifique a entrada | Unidade | Quantidade | Custos por unidade | Custos totais por entrada | % dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mão-de-obra | Labour | ha | 1,0 | 560,0 | 560,0 | 40,0 |
Mão-de-obra | Construction supervisor (days) | ha | 1,0 | 60,0 | 60,0 | |
Equipamento | Machine use | ha | 1,0 | 180,0 | 180,0 | 40,0 |
Equipamento | Tools | ha | 1,0 | 300,0 | 300,0 | 40,0 |
Material vegetal | Seedlings | ha | 1,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | |
Material de construção | Stone | ha | 1,0 | 200,0 | 200,0 | 40,0 |
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia | 1400,0 | |||||
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD | 1400,0 |
4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção
Atividade | Periodicidade/frequência | |
---|---|---|
1. | Irrigation system cleaning. | |
2. | Clearing weeds from stone wall | (dry season)./ |
3. | Inspection of the stone walls’ stability | (before sowing)./ |
4. | Repair structures | (rainy season)./ |
5. | Tree and root pruning. |
4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)
Especifique a entrada | Unidade | Quantidade | Custos por unidade | Custos totais por entrada | % dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mão-de-obra | Labour | ha | 1,0 | 25,0 | 25,0 | 100,0 |
Equipamento | Tools | ha | 1,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia | 125,0 | |||||
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD | 125,0 |
Comentários:
Machinery/ tools: A-frame,tape measure,motor drill,wheelbarrow,shovel,pick,steel bar,sledgehammer,hoe,hand compressor.
Person days needed for rehabilitation of 1 ha of ancient terrace system depend on degree of deterioration, the dimensions of the wall, slope angle (the steeper the more terraces) and availability of stones. In the case of the project, under a typical situation, for physical rehabilitation of 1 ha with 6 terraces, each ca 600 m long, 3–4 m wide and 2 m high, with one third of the main structures in disrepair, 18 men and 7 women work for 5 days; shrub planting is extra. Land users bear 35% of the overall costs: they also provide food for the group during work. The programme pays the rest. 450 m3 of additional stones are required to repair the broken parts, the cost includes blasting/splitting rocks and transport to the construction site.
Supportive agronomic measures and agricultural inputs (seeds and manure) are not included. Maintenance costs vary considerably, depending on the specific situation: an average is taken here.
5. Ambiente natural e humano
5.1 Clima
Precipitação pluviométrica anual
- <250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1.000 mm
- 1.001-1.500 mm
- 1.501-2.000 mm
- 2.001-3.000 mm
- 3.001-4.000 mm
- > 4.000 mm
Zona agroclimática
- Semiárido
5.2 Topografia
Declividade média:
- Plano (0-2%)
- Suave ondulado (3-5%)
- Ondulado (6-10%)
- Moderadamente ondulado (11-15%)
- Forte ondulado (16-30%)
- Montanhoso (31-60%)
- Escarpado (>60%)
Formas de relevo:
- Planalto/planície
- Cumes
- Encosta de serra
- Encosta de morro
- Sopés
- Fundos de vale
Zona de altitude:
- 0-100 m s.n.m.
- 101-500 m s.n.m.
- 501-1.000 m s.n.m.
- 1.001-1.500 m s.n.m.
- 1.501-2.000 m s.n.m.
- 2.001-2.500 m s.n.m.
- 2.501-3.000 m s.n.m.
- 3.001-4.000 m s.n.m.
- > 4.000 m s.n.m.
Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:
Landforms: Also hill slopes (ranked 2) and footslopes (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Also hilly (ranked 2) and rolling (ranked 3)
5.3 Solos
Profundidade do solo em média:
- Muito raso (0-20 cm)
- Raso (21-50 cm)
- Moderadamente profundo (51-80 cm)
- Profundo (81-120 cm)
- Muito profundo (>120 cm)
Textura do solo (solo superficial):
- Médio (limoso, siltoso)
Matéria orgânica do solo superficial:
- Baixo (<1%)
Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.
Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 1, used for maize) and low (ranked 2)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (low recycling of organic matter)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium
5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia
Rendimento não agrícola:
- Menos de 10% de toda renda
Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:
Off-farm income specification: main source is wage labour in the valleys
Market orientation of grazing land production system: Subsistence (ranked 1) and mixed (ranked 2, 30% for market)
Market orientation of grazing land production system: Subsistence (ranked 1, complementary to crop production) and commercial/market (ranked 2, income generation to meet basic needs)
5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia
- < 0,5 ha
- 0,5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1.000 ha
- 1.000-10.000 ha
- > 10.000 ha
Comentários:
Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: Also 2-5 ha (ranked 3)
5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água
Propriedade da terra:
- Indivíduo, não intitulado
- Indivíduo, intitulado
Direitos do uso da terra:
- Arrendado
- Indivíduo
6. Impactos e declarações finais
6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia
Impactos socioeconômicos
Produção
Produção agrícola
Comentários/especificar:
Average 30%
Gestão de terra
Comentários/especificar:
Careful management required (water and livestock)
Renda e custos
Rendimento agrícola
Carga de trabalho
Comentários/especificar:
Easier crop management (level bench, alignment of crops). On the other hand increased labour constraints: heavy work, const. Maintenance. Heavy work by establishment
Outros impactos socioeconômicos
Efficiency
Comentários/especificar:
Efficient use of irrigation water and fertilizers
Input constraints
Comentários/especificar:
Tools
Ccarcity of stones (in some places)
Impactos ecológicos
Ciclo hídrico/escoamento
Drenagem de excesso de água
Solo
Umidade do solo
Cobertura do solo
Perda de solo
Ciclo e recarga de nutrientes
Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais
Diversidade vegetal
Diversidade animal
Diversidade de habitat
Outros impactos ecológicos
Regular crop growth and development
Improved microclimate
Comentários/especificar:
Reduced wind; conserving heat
6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia
Caudal confiável e estável em período seco
Cheias de jusante
Sedimentação a jusante
6.4 Análise do custo-benefício
Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?
Retornos a curto prazo:
neutro/balanceado
Retornos a longo prazo:
muito positivo
Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?
Retornos a curto prazo:
positivo
Retornos a longo prazo:
muito positivo
6.5 Adoção da tecnologia
Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):
240
De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?
- 11-50%
Comentários:
90% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
2160 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
10% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
240 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption.
40% of terraces have been rehabilitated in 7 districts (8 micro-watersheds) of the Colca valley.
6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia
Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra |
---|
Facilitation of crop management activities (crop alignment, easier tillage with oxen plough, efficiency of pest control, etc) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Appropriate crop management (see measures mentioned in description). |
Improved microclimate facilitates crop growth and crop diversification How can they be sustained / enhanced? Complete with improved agronomic practices and agroforestry. |
Increased yields and food security How can they be sustained / enhanced? Conserve crop diversity and genetic variety. |
Cultural heritage How can they be sustained / enhanced? Conservation of traditional practices |
Facilitation of crop management activities (crop alignment, easier tillage with oxen plough, efficiency of pest control, etc)-->Appropriate crop management (see measures mentioned in description). - Improved microclimate facilitates crop growth and crop diversification-->Complete with improved agronomic practices and agroforestry. - Increased yields and food security-->Conserve crop diversity and genetic variety Cultural heritage-->Conservation of traditional practices. |
Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada |
---|
Traditional technology is of great value and adapted to local conditions How can they be sustained / enhanced? Awareness raising of the local population on maintenance of terraces. |
Successful implementation is product of evaluation, analysis and documentation of experiences How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further appraisal of the technology. |
Soil maintained on steep slopes, no soil loss due to water erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous maintenance and appropriate management through training. |
More efficient use of irrigation/rain water, longer storage of soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? Permanent maintenance of structure. |
Maintenance of soil fertility How can they be sustained / enhanced? Recycling of organic matter. |
6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los
Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra | Como eles podem ser superados? |
---|---|
Vulnerability of terraces to damage by grazing animals | Do not allow grazing on short terraces with high stone walls. |
Land users are not skilled in repair of broken sections in the terrace system | More training on maintenance and conservation. |
Vulnerability of terraces to damage by grazing animals-->Do not allow grazing on short terraces with high stone walls. - Land users are not skilled in repair of broken sections in the terrace system-->More training on maintenance and conservation. Editors’ comments: Terracing systems on hillsides date back to the beginning of agriculture. Often these feature walls (‘risers’) built of stone, and sometimes they are used for irrigation – as in this case from Peru. While many ancient systems have fallen into disrepair with out-migration of rural populations, this is an example of project-based rehabilitation. |
Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada | Como eles podem ser superados? |
---|---|
Specialised work, not easy to carry out – complex system of different structures |
Promote applied research and extension. |
High rehabilitation costs; increased by loss of traditional forms of reciprocal work, and a trend towards individualism |
Reactivate and strengthen traditional labour systems based on reciprocity and mutual help. |
Limited availability of stones impedes the rehabilitation process |
Carry stones from adjacent or remote places, give training in rock splitting. |
Not appropriate for use of agricultural machines | Awareness creation. |
Private properties, but not titled |
Promote the legalisation of titles to facilitate the access to credit and technical assistance. |
7. Referências e links
7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação
7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis
Título, autor, ano, ISBN:
Mejia Marcacuzco AP Folleto de divulgación: Andenes, construcción y mantenimiento. (undated).
Título, autor, ano, ISBN:
Treacy, JM (undated) LasChacras de Coporaque: Andenes y riego en el valle del Colca. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. DESCO
Links e módulos
Expandir tudo Recolher tudoLinks
Participatory catchment rehabilitation (Participación comunitaria para la rehabilitación … [Peru]
Promoting the rehabilitation of ancient terrace systems based on a systematic watershed management approach.
- Compilador/a: Philippe Zahner
Módulos
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