1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - Afeganistão

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

Comentários:

No, the technology described here is not problematic with regard to land degradation. In fact, it promotes sustainable land management by enhancing soil health, preventing erosion, and supporting afforestation efforts. This technology contributes to the restoration and conservation of forest ecosystems.

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Water exploitation is a major issue in Afghanistan, and this technology helps to irrigate an afforestation/agroforestry area (demonstration plot) using surface water (rivers) and solar-powered submersible pump. The construction of reservoirs at the demo plot site ensures efficient water storage and use for irrigation purposes without relying on groundwater. A well-designed pipe irrigation scheme is implemented to distribute water evenly across the site, supporting plant irrigation and growth.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Water exploitation is a critical issue in Afghanistan, and the project aims to address this challenge through innovative and sustainable technology. The technology involves the use of solar panels and submersible water pumps to efficiently lift water from a nearby river to constructed reservoirs, which is then distributed by gravity with the help of a pipe system to irrigate planted saplings in the afforested and agroforestry area. For afforestation, Pinus eldarica (Afghan pine) was planted due to its adaptability and soil stabilization properties. Additionally, citrus and persimmon trees are introduced for agroforestry, combining tree cultivation with agricultural benefits. This integrated technology promotes biodiversity, soil health, and sustainable land use, making the site a model/ demonstration site for afforestation and agroforestry practices. This is a significant advancement in the local area, utilizing clean energy to promote sustainable land & forest management and environmental restoration. The project is implemented on communal land, covering 50.25 hectares of land.
The primary purpose of this technology is to create an efficient irrigation system that extracts and transports water to support afforestation and agroforestry activities. By doing so, it aims to restore forest cover, mitigate environmental challenges such as land degradation, and promote long-term ecological and socio-economic sustainability. The technology includes key components such as solar panels, water pumps (submersible), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, water reservoirs, and saplings. Additionally, it requires labor, technical assistance, capacity-building programs, and construction materials for its establishment and maintenance.
The benefits of this technology are substantial. It has successfully irrigated previously barren land, achieving an impressive 85% survival rate for the saplings that were planted in the plot, while preventing land degradation and improving soil health. Without this technology, survival rates would drop to zero due to the arid conditions. Furthermore, the project has enhanced the capacities of local farmers/community members, enabling them to replicate and demonstrate the technology within their community. This has fostered a sense of ownership and empowerment among land users.
Land users have expressed both appreciation and concerns regarding the technology. On the positive side, they value its efficiency and reliability, as the solar panels provide a consistent water supply, especially during the hot/sunny season, leading to increased greenery and healthier trees. The cost-effectiveness of solar energy, with its low operational costs compared to traditional diesel pumps, has also been a significant advantage. Additionally, the environmentally friendly nature of the technology aligns with their desire for sustainable practices. The capacity-building programs provided by organizations like FAO have further empowered users to manage the system effectively.
However, some challenges have been noted. The initial investment costs for purchasing, installing and construction of the technology are high, making it difficult for smallholder farmers to replicate. Technical issues, such as inverter failures or battery malfunctions during extreme weather conditions (e.g., cloudy weather), can disrupt operations. Additionally, not all community members are equally informed about the technology’s benefits, highlighting the need for increased outreach and engagement efforts to ensure broader adoption and understanding.
In summary, this solar-powered irrigation technology represents a groundbreaking innovation in the area, combining clean energy with sustainable land management practices. While it has demonstrated significant environmental and agricultural benefits, addressing the challenges of initial costs, technical reliability, and community engagement will be crucial for its long-term success and scalability.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.4 Vídeos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2022

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

GEF-06 Community based Sustainable Land and Forest Management in Afghanistan

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Adaptar a mudanças climáticas/extremos e seus impactos
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Sim

Especificar o uso misto da terra (culturas/ pastoreio/ árvores):

• Agrofloresta

3.3 O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

• Sim (Por favor, preencha as perguntas abaixo com relação ao uso do solo antes da implementação da Tecnologia)

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Não

Comentários:

5 decades ago the area was a forest, but due to war, smuggling and drought the area become barren land.

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

Comentários:

The saplings planted in the area have been supplementary irrigated. Prior to the implementation of this technology, the land was barren, and seasonal rains led to soil erosion.

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão de plantação florestal
• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
• Tecnologias de eficiência energética

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

The project has successfully implemented afforestation by planting forest trees and promoting agroforestry through the cultivation of fruit trees. To improve irrigation management, the project installed a 1-inch underground pipeline system with connected taps, enabling the attachment of flexible hoses. This efficient setup ensures optimal watering of saplings while significantly reducing water waste. By implementing this approach, the project has enhanced vegetative cover and successfully planted approximately 32,000 saplings. Additionally, the project constructed 14 rotating mounting structures for solar panels, installed 134 solar panels, established pipe schemes for manual irrigation of saplings, and constructed 6 water reservoirs with different capacities. The integration of trees at optimal spacing, combined with regular cultural practices, has further supported the project's goals.

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

The planting pits are specially designed for planting of saplings. Additionally, farmers construct small barriers near plants (eye-brows and trenches), known as micro-catchments, to collect and retain water. It is important to note that these micro-catchments are distinct structures, separate from pits and reservoirs, and are specifically built to support water retention for plants. The enhanced vegetation cover and the establishment of micro-catchments for water collection significantly reduce soil erosion. Soil improvement and enrichment, as well as habitat enhancement, are supported through these practices. Additionally, they contribute to groundwater recharge and help control runoff.

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

Comentários:

The human-induced causes of land degradation include deforestation, overgrazing of livestock, and unsustainable agricultural practices. In response, following the implementation of a specific technology, local communities established regulations rooted in their customs and traditions to protect the site, which is quarantined for five years. These regulations prohibit herders from grazing animals, cutting trees, engaging in unsustainable agricultural practices, and uprooting bushes for fuelwood. Additionally, the community has constructed rainwater harvesting structures, such as eyebrows and trenches, across the site to address natural causes of land degradation through runoff by enhancing water infiltration. As a result, the site is now effectively protected from both human-induced and natural land degradation.

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• USD

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Awareness and mobilization of the community	Aug-2021
2.	Survey and site selection followed by feasibility study	Sep to Oct-2021
3.	Stakeholder consultation	Aug-2021 till Sep-2022
4.	Preparation of technical design, drawings, and Bill of Quantities (BoQ).	Nov to Dec-2021
5.	Initiation of procurement process for required tools and equipment	Jan to Feb-2022
6.	Excavation and construction of water reservoirs, setting up pipe system and installation of solar panels for irrigation.	Mar to Sep-2022
7.	Capacity building of the target communities	Aug- 2021 till date
8.	Practical interventions: production or purchase of saplings, digging planting pits, transplatation and irrigation of saplings and establishment of micro-catchments	Feb to Mar-2023

Comentários:

The awareness-raising session on Sustainable Land Management (SLM) and Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) was successfully held to improve understanding of land and forest management practices and conservation efforts. Community members were actively mobilized to support the project, aiding in the completion of construction and installation work.

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Unskilled labor for planting of saplings	Man/day	450,0	5,0	2250,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Skilled labor for installation of irrigation system and constuction of reservoirs	Man/day	50,0	10,0	500,0
Equipamento	Water Pump 2 inch - 10HP/7500w	Number	4,0	450,0	1800,0
Equipamento	Solar Panel minimum size 400W and 270W	Number	132,0	82,0	10824,0
Equipamento	DC to AC Inverter 7.5-11KW	Number	4,0	450,0	1800,0
Equipamento	Polyethylene Pipes 2 Inch and 1.5 Inch with all elbows, joints, connectors and valves after 30 meter for both sides to connect pipes.	Meter	4300,0	2,75	11825,0
Equipamento	Rotating PV panels mounting structure (manual)	Number	28,0	270,0	7560,0
Equipamento	DC and AC current wire	Meter	1800,0	2,5	4500,0
Equipamento	Distribution board	Number	2,0	70,0	140,0
Equipamento	Flexon 1 inch rubberize pipes	Meter	5500,0	1,4	7700,0
Material vegetal	Saplings procured & transported	Sapling	32000,0	0,775	24800,0
Material vegetal	Planting tools	lump sum	1,0	500,0	500,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Organic fertilizers for transplanted saplings added through community	Kg	16000,0	0,1	1600,0	100,0
Material de construção	Ssix (6) reservoirs constructed by a construction company (cement, stone, sand excavation and etc..	lump sum	1,0	35000,0	35000,0
Outros	Patrolling, irrigating and quarantine of the site	lump sum	1,0	1000,0	1000,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					111799,0
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					111799,0

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

The remining cost were covered by the project.

Comentários:

The first two 2-inch submersible pumps draw water from the river to supply the first reservoir. From there, two additional 2-inch submersible pumps transfer water from the first reservoir to the central reservoir. The water then flows to the other four reservoirs through gravity.

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Cleaning of sedimentation of reservoirs	Spring/annually
2.	Patrolling	All seasons/regular
3.	Repairing solar system & water pump (submersible)	Ad hoc /Annually
4.	Plot maintenance (Pest-diseases control, mulching, weeding,).	Spring & Automn/annually
5.	Replacement of failed saplings	Feb/two times (1st & 2nd year)
6.	Repairing micro-catchments	Spring/annually

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labor for cleaning of sedimentation of reservoirs	Man/day	60,0	5,0	300,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Labor for patrolling	Man/day	360,0	5,0	1800,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Labor for repairing micro-catchments	Man/day	20,0	5,0	100,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Manage the solar system operations	Man/day	360,0	2,77	997,2	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Labor for weeding and mulching	Man/day	30,0	5,0	150,0	100,0
Equipamento	Pump submersible, PVC pipe, fittings	lumpsum	3,0	500,0	1500,0	100,0
Equipamento	Shovels	lumpsum	1,0	140,0	140,0	100,0
Material vegetal	saplings	Sapling	2000,0	0,6	1200,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Organic fertilizers (cows dungs)	Kg	16000,0	0,1	1600,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					7787,2
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					7787,2

Comentários:

The community has hired an individual to manage the solar system operations. This person is responsible for both operating the solar system for lifting water and overseeing the distribution of water for irrigation purposes among community members.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

All equipement is imported and of high cost.
Natural hazards, floods and windstorms will increase the costs of repairs and replacement

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Posições côncavas

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Sim

Regularidade:

Frequentemente

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Comunitário/rural
• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Os direitos de uso da terra são baseados em um sistema jurídico tradicional?

Sim

Especifique:

In Afghanistan, the traditional land use system involves the equitable distribution of deserts and barren land among the local residents. The decisions made by the elders are respected and adhered to by all members of the community.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	aumento ou diminuição	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	moderadamente
Precipitação pluviométrica anual		aumento	moderadamente
Precipitação pluviométrica sazonal	primavera	aumento	moderadamente

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Tempestade de vento local	moderadamente

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 1-10%

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

The community economic condition is not good. So, without receiving incentives they are not able to adopt such technology easily.

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Não

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Improved water availability with minimized fuel cost and decreased pollution as well as minimum operational cost
Opportunities/ potential for upscaling of the technology
Use of clean energy to contribute to mitigate climate change
Reduce greenhouse emission through carbon sequestration

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The technology is very efficient and can be adopted by land users. Also it helps in promoting clean energy and hence reducing greenhouse emission also through carbon sequestration. It contributes to adaptation tp climate change.
The area has been successfully afforested, restoring its natural beauty and original landscape.
The vegetation cover on the previously degraded land has been significantly enhanced.
This technology with its approach for implementation represents an effective solution for the restoration of degraded soils.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Inadequate maintenance and repair services of the technology	Linkage to the service provider and maintenance services. National wide technology transfer
Solar water lifting relies on fully sunny days for operation, which can sometimes be a limitation, especially when weather conditions are cloudy or during periods of low sunlight. This can result in insufficient water being lifted to meet the irrigation needs of the site.	Backup charging system/battery system

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Solar water lifting depends on sunny days for operation, which can sometimes fall short of meeting irrigation needs during cloudy periods.	Combining solar power with backup energy (like batteries or grid connection)

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação