1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Подхода

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)

Strengthening national-level institutional and professional capacities of country Parties towards enhanced UNCCD monitoring and reporting – GEF 7 EA Umbrella II (GEF 7 UNCCD Enabling Activities_Umbrella II)

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)

National Soil Services Centre, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture & Livestock (NSSC) - Бутан

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование собранных ВОКАТ данных

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

20/7/2023

Составитель и ответственный/-ые специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

2.1 Краткое описание Подхода

In the past, it was difficult for households to complete seasonal farming activities like ploughing, sowing, and transplanting in time. So, land users came together by adopting 'latsab' or labour sharing. This involves pooling land users, who work on a rotational basis on the plots of the different group members. Labour sharing is a very old approach but is still being practiced throughout the country.

2.2 Подробное описание Подхода

Подробное описание Подхода:

In the past, it was difficult for households to complete seasonal farming activities like ploughing, sowing, and transplanting in time. So, land users came together by adopting 'latsab' or labour sharing. This involves pooling land users, who work on a rotational basis on the plots of the different group members. Labour sharing is a very old approach but is still being practiced throughout the country. In addition, land users also come together for any construction work or other activities related to land management. Labour sharing aims to complete seasonal farming activities more efficiently and on time. The approach also helps economically disadvantaged land users who cannot pay wages to employ. Other co-benefits reported are the improved sense of community and enhanced social cohesion because the exchange of experiences and collaboration builds mutual trust. Working in a group eases hard physical work, such as carrying and breaking large boulders, and is perceived to be much more enjoyable than working alone or in a household setting.
Groups are formed at the village and sub-village levels to enable households to take up labour-intensive SLM activities, such as stone bunding, bench terracing, stone check dam construction, water source protection works, or grass hedgerow development. Labour-sharing involves land users coming together to discuss important agricultural activities to be implemented. They also select the land users where the work should start. When it comes to activities related to SLM intervention, the land users are given initial practical training on the SLM intervention, which starts with hands-on work on the land of a group member, preferably that of a vulnerable household. Labour-sharing groups, therefore, facilitate the inclusion of vulnerable households, especially female-headed and small families, in the implementation of labour-intensive SLM interventions. In addition to technical guidance provided by extension staff, support is given to the group formation process, such as drafting informal by-laws and group management.
Any activities through a labour-sharing approach have to undergo specific stages. Initially, the land users will come together to discuss important agricultural or SLM activities to be carried out in a season. Secondly, they identify a 'Blenpa' who is a land user who requests help on his/ her land. Once in the field before they start any activities a supervisor or 'la pon' is appointed. If work involves heavy digging, a 'Nyempa' (preferably a strong man) is appointed, and he will be assisted by four or five women. The labour-sharing group is formed through common interests among different land users in the community. The group members come together and plan and prepare by-laws. They appoint a chairman or 'Trizin', who is the overall manager of the group. The accountant/treasurer or 'Tsezin' is appointed to take care of the finances. Any conflict between land users is solved within the group.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Подход

2.5 Страна/ регион/ место, где применялся Подход

2.6 Даты начала и окончания реализации Подхода

2.7 Тип Подхода

• традиционная/ местная система землепользования, используемая коренным населением

2.8 Каковы цели/ задачи Подхода

The main aims/objectives of the approach are 1) Labour-sharing to complete seasonal activities faster and on time, 2) To support economically disabled land users who cannot pay for hired workers, and 3) To share resources like water which is important for carrying out farming activities.

2.9 Условия содействующие применению Технологии/ Технологий в рамках Подхода или затрудняющие его

3.1 Заинтересованные стороны, участвующие в реализации Подхода и их роли

3.2 Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ на разных стадиях реализации Подхода

	Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ	Перечислите участников и опишите их вовлеченность
инициирование/ мотивация	самоорганизация	The labour-sharing approach was initiated by the ancestors of current land users. Current land users found this approach as an effective way to mitigate labour shortage and resource management and they continue to preserve and practice it.
планирование	самоорганизация	Land users are the ones who come together, prepare their by-laws and plan all the activities related to farming or SLM intervention.
выполнение	самоорганизация	The approach has an elected chairman and accountant who are responsible for the smooth running of the group and finances. Any conflicts that arise between land users are solved within the group.
мониторинг/ оценка	самоорганизация	The group is monitored by the chairman. During the time of any activities, they also appoint a supervisor who will monitor the quality of the work performed by the members.

3.3 Схема реализации (если имеется)

3.4 Принятие решений по выбору Технологии/ Технологий УЗП

Укажите, кто принимал решение по выбору применяемой Технологии/ Технологий:

• в основном землепользователи при поддержке специалистов по УЗП

Поясните:

The technologies implemented by land users have been decided by land users and upon their request to the government the SLM specialist are sent and technology related training and materials are provided to the group.

4.1 Повышение компетенций/ обучение

Проводилось ли обучение землепользователей/ других заинтересованных лиц?

Да

Укажите, кто проходил обучение:

• землепользователи

Тип обучения:

• опытные участки

Рассматриваемые темы:

Improved ways to dry Chilli, Nursery bed preparation, electric fencing, Growing Napier grass, Chainlink fencing, Greenhouse construction, etc.,

Комментарии:

The training was provided by extension agents

4.2 Консультационные услуги

Есть ли у землепользователей возможность получать консультации?

Да

Описание/ комментарий:

Whenever there is an outbreak of crops or livestock diseases, advisory services are provided by agricultural and livestock officers on do and don't of the issues.

4.3 Институциональная (организационная) поддержка

В ходе реализации Подхода были ли организованы новые институциональные структуры или поддержаны уже существующие?

• да, существенно

Укажите уровень, на котором структуры были укреплены или вновь созданы:

• местные

Опишите организацию, функции и ответственность, членство и т.д.

Within the labour-sharing group, land users also have formed other groups like the Chilli group (focusing on cultivating and marketing chilli), Vegetable group (involved in growing and marketing vegetables other than chilli)

Укажите тип поддержки:

• финансовая
• повышение компетенций/ обучение
• оборудование

Подробнее:

The financial institution provides loans to those land users who are members of the group. Support from the government and external projects targeted to the groups. As a result, members of the group have received training in Chilli drying through the Tarayana Foundation. Members also shared that when they work in groups they also share tools, equipments, machinary, etc., which indirectly reduces the cost.

4.4 Мониторинг и оценка

Являются ли мониторинг и оценка частью Подхода?

Да

Комментарии:

Labour sharing involves working on a rotation basis. The group has a chairman who monitors the overall activities of the group. When it comes to agricultural or SLM intervention activities carried out at individual land user's fields. The supervisor is appointed who monitors and supervises the work.

Если да, будет ли данный документ использоваться для мониторинга и оценки?

Нет

4.5 Научные исследования

Были ли научные исследования частью Подхода?

Нет

5.1 Годовой бюджет мероприятий по УЗП в рамках Подхода

Комментарий (например, основные источники финансирования/ ключевые доноры):

The group is mainly formed by those land users who are economically disabled. They work on a rotation basis so that they don't have to pay for human resources involved in carrying out any agricultural or SLM intervention activities.

5.2 Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка, предоставляемая землепользователям

Предоставлялась ли землепользователям финансовая/ материальная поддержка для применения Технологии /Технологий?

Да

Если да, укажите тип(-ы) поддержки, кто ее предоставил и условия предоставления:

Electric fencing: The materials were supported by the government.
Chilli dryer:

5.3 Субсидии на отдельные затраты (включая оплату труда)

• оборудование

• строительные материалы

• инфраструктура

• другие

Если труд землепользователя был существенным вкладом, укажите, был ли этот вклад:

• в обмен на другие материальные ресурсы

Комментарии:

All materials required were supplied by the government for free. Land users were involved in construction/installation.

5.4 Кредитование

Предоставлялись ли в рамках Подхода кредиты на мероприятия УЗП?

Нет

5.5 Другие методы или инструменты стимулирования

Использовались ли другие методы или инструменты стимулирования для продвижения Технологий УЗП?

Да

Если да, поясните:

The group also received a cake-making machine. However, this was shared among different groups from other places.

6.1 Влияние Подхода

6.2 Основные причины, побуждающие землепользователей внедрять УЗП

6.3 Долгосрочная устойчивость мероприятий в рамках Подхода

Могут ли землепользователи самостоятельно (без внешней поддержки) продолжать применение того, что было реализовано в рамках Подхода?

• нет уверенности

Если нет или нет уверенности, объясните почему:

The approach was there in the past when external support was not there. It is continuing today, but it is uncertain whether this approach will survive in the future with changing climate and improving the lifestyle of every farmer.

6.4 Сильные стороны/ преимущества Подхода

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей
The approach allows members to enhance social cohesion and community sense. They come together for any kind of work, thus tackling the main issue of labour shortage and easing hard physical work.
Agricultural activities like ploughing, tilling, sowing, transplanting, weeding, watering, and harvesting, have to be completed on time. The approach allows every member to complete these activities on time avoiding crop failure and enhancing crop production.
The approach includes all vulnerable groups giving them opportunities to share their problems and supporting them through labour-sharing to carry out important agricultural activities for crop production.

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
The approach demands equal participation from all household members. Thus giving training on any SLM intervention activities by SLM experts becomes very easy. It is also easy to communicate to the group for dissemination of any information.
The approach helps the economically disabled members to sustain their livelihood. This is because labour-sharing cut many of the costs involved in crop production or SLM intervention activities increasing the cost-benefit ratio.

6.5 Слабые стороны/ недостатки Подхода и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Marketing of agricultural produce: There are many other groups at the village and sub-district level. They compete to capture the local market which is always saturated with supply. Exploring the market at the domestic and international levels is very expensive for the majority of the group.	The government takes some initiative to explore the market for these groups or give them some incentives to do marketing like marketing van.

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
The sustainability of the group: Most of the members are between the age group of 40-70. The young generation is not interested in agriculture and in the future, there are chances that this kind of group may die.	The government must take some initiative to make our young generation like Agriculture by bringing new technologies that will ease hard human labour.

7.1 Методы сбора/источники информации

7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

BHUCAT (Bhutan catalogue of soil and water conservation approaches and technologies):Best practices and guidelines from Bhutan for sustainable land managements on steep to very steep slopes, National Soil Service Center, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest 2012,

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

A copy of a book was provided by National Soil Service Center, Simtokha: Bhutan for Free.

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

2021 Labour force survey report Bhutan, National statistics Bureau, 2021, ISBN 978-99936-28-93-4

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

available online for free. https://www.nsb.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2022/04/LFS-2021-web.pdf

7.3 Ссылки на материалы, доступные онлайн

Название/ описание:

SLM Labour-sharing group Bhutan

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://qcat.wocat.net/wocat/approaches/view/approaches_2491/

Название/ описание:

Sharing labour to implement contour bunding in Nepal

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://qcat.wocat.net/wocat/approaches/view/approaches_2604/

Название/ описание:

Organic agriculture, Labour exchange, and social networks: a case study of smallholder farming in Bhutan

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13165-022-00416-z