Stabilization Through Conservation ('StabilCon') approach [Кения]
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- Составитель: Harry Wells
- Редактор: –
- Рецензент: Rima Mekdaschi Studer
approaches_3615 - Кения
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Развернуть все Свернуть все1. Общая информация
1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Подхода
Ответственный (-ые) специалист (-ы)
Protected Area Manager:
1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование собранных ВОКАТ данных
Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?
16/04/2018
Составитель и ответственный/-ые специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:
Да
2. Описание Подхода УЗП
2.1 Краткое описание Подхода
The 'StabilCon' approach is a non-aggressive, low-intensity stabilization model that seeks to reconcile the needs of both humans and their natural environment. To achieve this, StabilCon aims to co-develop two mutually beneficial elements: sustainable natural resource management and human security in rural areas.
2.2 Подробное описание Подхода
Подробное описание Подхода:
StabilCon is a holistic approach that seeks to develop social-ecosystems that accept wildlife and respect natural resources, in order to address complex conservation challenges. Implemented by rural communities, in partnership with local stewardship organizations, such as Tsavo Conservation Group, StabilCon aims to build human and natural resource security. StabilCon also aims to shift the human-wildlife relationship from conflict towards a symbiotic relationship with mutual benefits. The approach is based on the premise that unstable environments (whether due to human, economic or environmental factors) preclude any conservation, sustainable development or natural resource management initiative. Therefore, StabilCon seeks to build institutional capacity in rural communities to achieve four interrelated goals: 1) Support the rule of law (e.g. through training of community rangers) to reduce physical insecurity for humans, wildlife and natural resources to manageable levels as a mandatory first step; 2) Use this security as a foundation on which to build and diversify nature-based economic opportunities (e.g. reduced wildlife poaching facilitates the development of tourism-based economic opportunities, while greater local security can also benefit livestock-keeping by reducing the incidents of stock thefts); 3) Strengthen environmental security to enable benefits of biodiversity conservation and healthy ecosystems to be shared by current and future generations; 4) Develop more robust, equitable and representative community governance system, aligned with county and national government agencies and their objectives (e.g. through governance training within rural communities).
StabilCon aims to use these four interrelated goals to develop a foundation of long-term environmental security and create circumstances conducive to socio-economic progress of rural communities. Activities are conducted by the StabilCon Implementation Unit (SIU), which in the Tsavo Model is composed of 5 members: 1) CEO & co-founder of Tsavo Conservation Group (TsavoCon) - responsibilities include managing TsavoCon's strategic direction through StabilCon, developing & managing strategic relationships, working with Kenya's national and county governments and US government, international fund raising; 2) TsavoCon Chief Financial Officer - Taita Taveta born and a member of the Association of Chartered Accountants (London) who leads human resources issues and is responsible for financial operations (e.g. opening bank accounts for full time staff, introducing and managing accounting software); 3) Operations Officer - supports CEO in developing strategic relationships (e.g. liaison with Taita Conservancy elders, county government officials, NGO partners) and is a Geographic Information System analyst developing a map database (e.g. elephant poaching data); 4) Liaison Officer - responsible for engagement with Orma community members of Malkahalaku Community Conservancy as well as liaison with local and national government officials, and to manage the conservancy's rangers (he was formerly an instructor with the Kenya Wildlife Service); 5) TsavoCon Pilot - responsibilities include managing aerial observation operations, TsavoCon vehicles, communications, resupply & logistics of TsavoCon assets in the field.
2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Подход
2.5 Страна/ регион/ место, где применялся Подход
Страна:
Кения
Более точная привязка места:
Greater Tsavo Ecosystem
Комментарии:
For more details see: http://www.tsavocon.org/
Map
×2.6 Даты начала и окончания реализации Подхода
Год начала реализации:
2016
Если год начала реализации Подхода достоверно неизвестен, дайте примерную оценку:
менее 10 лет назад (недавняя)
2.7 Тип Подхода
- недавняя местная инициатива/ инновация
2.8 Каковы цели/ задачи Подхода
StabilCon seeks to build institutional capacity in rural communities to achieve four interrelated goals:
1) Effective security, law and order - Support the rule of law to reduce physical insecurity for humans, wildlife and natural resources to manageable levels as a mandatory first step to enable the other three goals;
2) Economic security - Use this security as a foundation on which to build and diversify nature-based economic opportunities (e.g. livestock and tourism);
3) Environmental security - Strengthen environmental security to enable benefits of biodiversity conservation and healthy ecosystems to be shared by current and future generations;
4) Social security - Develop more robust, equitable and representative community governance system, aligned with county and national government agencies and their objectives.
2.9 Условия содействующие применению Технологии/ Технологий в рамках Подхода или затрудняющие его
Социальные/ культурные/ религиозные нормы и ценности
- содействуют
Livestock, water and security are already top priorities for local communities and are in alignment with StabilCon's objectives.
- затрудняют
Rural communities, limited in their access to education, find it difficult to navigate the bureaucratic processes involved in securing funding.
Наличие/ доступность финансовых ресурсов и услуг
- содействуют
USAID and other donors assist greatly by funding StabilCon's activities.
Сотрудничество/ координация действий
- содействуют
The improved relationship between the Malkahalaku community and the Kenya Wildlife Service (national government), facilitated by StabilCon's Implementation Unit (SIU), has been beneficial particularly in conflict mitigation.
- затрудняют
Dysfunctional relationships among local chiefs and between Malkahalau community and the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) were initially hindering. In addition, almost every year, heightened competition over fodder/water for livestock between pastoralists and agriculturalists and between neighbouring pastoral communities lead to conflicts, which are often violent. Previously, the dysfunctional relationship between Malkahalaku community and KWS led to confrontations and destruction of KWS infrastructure. On one occasion, KWS rangers posted in the community were chased out by community members and the KWS ranger post burnt down by community members.
Нормативно-правовая база (землевладение, права на земле- и водопользование)
- содействуют
The official conservancy status given when the Malkahalaku Community Conservancy was established in 2015 was crucial in providing land tenure security. This stronger land tenure security has been instrumental in NRM through resolving conflicts with neighbouring communities over access to grazing/water.
Программные документы/ руководящие установки
- содействуют
The Wildlife Act has been particularly beneficial through its support of conservation activities. The Act emphasises effective public participation in the management of wildlife resources, thereby setting a basis for the strengthening of community based NRM.
Управление земельными ресурсами (принятие решений, осуществление и контроль за выполнением)
- затрудняют
Poor law enforcement in rural areas leads to social insecurity at the community level. This impacts many aspects of NRM including illegal wildlife poaching and armed conflicts between pastoralist groups over access to grazing/water.
Осведомленность в области УЗП, доступность технической поддержки
- содействуют
StabilCon aims to integrate the extensive local knowledge relating to pastoralism among Oromo people. However, traditional livestock management practices are also evolving and the Oromo are moving towards reducing livestock numbers and raising livestock quality (similar to the ranching approach).
- затрудняют
Some previous local pastoral practices are no longer applicable to the changing environment, particularly with regard to quality and number of livestock, but practices are changing. For example, the shift from emphasis on the number of livestock owned towards smaller herd sizes and higher quality livestock.
Рынки (для приобретения материалов и услуг, продажи продукции) и цены
- затрудняют
Importing meat from neighbouring countries (e.g. Tanzania, Uganda) floods Kenya's market, leading to a poor economic environment for local livestock production. StabilCon is currently planning to improve Malkahalaku Community Conservancy's access to national beef markets that will provide more favourable prices for the community's members.
Объем работ, доступность рабочей силы
- затрудняют
StabilCon has a small team, but their dedication helps compensate for the limited man hours.
другие
- затрудняют
Social insecurity is one of the main barriers and it is exacerbated by climatic changes. More specifically, shifts in patterns and temporal distribution of rainfall pose challenges even for highly mobile pastoralists. During drought periods, heightened competition over grazing and water intensify human conflict. These conflicts over basic resources preclude NRM activities.
3. Участие и распределение ролей заинтересованных сторон
3.1 Заинтересованные стороны, участвующие в реализации Подхода и их роли
- местные землепользователи/ местные сообщества
Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association and Malkahalaku Community Conservancy.
In the Taita area, Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association is the main local institutional actor, as it represents all 28 conservancies in the area (a large number of community members sign up to be part of one or more conservancies). In the Tana River County area, Malkahalaku Community Conservancy is the main institutional actor.
- эксперты по УЗП/ сельскому хозяйству
Tsavo Conservation Group (TsavoCon). TsavoCon is composed of four members: CEO (an experienced protected area manager and leader of international relations; degree in Wildlife Conservation Management), Tana River County Coordinator (paramilitary-trained with experienced in wildlife conservation/anti-poaching; diploma in Wildlife Sanctuary Management), Taita Taveta County Coordinator (experienced wildlife conservationist and former CEO of Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies), Chief Financial Officer (experienced in conservation-focused non-profit management).
In the Tsavo Model of StabilCon, TsavoCon is the main facilitating organization, providing a link between local communities, livestock and rangeland management experts and international funding organisations. TsavoCon acts as the StabilCon Implementation Unit (SIU) in the Greater Tsavo Ecosystem.
- ученые-исследователи
Geographic Information System specialist.
This researcher compiles data collected by StabilCon on poaching and insecurity. Tracking trends in elephant poaching as an indicator of increased security is one of the ways in which these data are used.
- общественные организации
Global Environmental Facility, African Wildlife Foundation, Wildlife Works.
These NGO's fund StabilCon's activities and/or act as conservation partners of Tsavo Conservation Group.
- местные власти
These include: the county environmental minister and their department; the county minister of lands; the county minister of livestock; the chairman of conservation compensation committee.
These actors are involved in allocation of local government support for community-level projects.
- государственные власти (отвечающие за планирование или принятие решений)
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), County Security Committee (national security apparatus)
These actors are mandated national security agencies. KWS's Law Enforcement Academy trained 22 members of Malkahalaku Community Conservancy (funded by Tsavo Conservation Group), who are now rangers for the conservancy. These rangers patrol their conservancy, increasing human security and reducing poaching. During droughts, KWS allow Malkahalaku Community Conservancy livestock to graze in Tsavo East National Park to relieve pressure on the community and diffuse conflicts over fodder/water. In Kenya, this is a relatively common but controversial practice as it puts pressure on the land within the protected area and potentially increases herd sizes and overall grazing pressure, particularly over the long term.
- международные организации
USAID, Global Environment Facility, African Wildlife Foundation, Wildlife Works
Funding and/or Tsavo Conservation Group conservation partners.
Если участвовало несколько заинтересованных сторон, назовите ведущую организацию:
In the Tsavo model of StabilCon, Tsavo Conservation Group fulfils the role of StabilCon Implementation Unit (SIU), and is the lead facilitator and coordinator in the Greater Tsavo Ecosystem.
3.2 Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ на разных стадиях реализации Подхода
Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ | Перечислите участников и опишите их вовлеченность | |
---|---|---|
инициирование/ мотивация | интерактивное | Under the StabilCon approach, international and local actors are involved in the initiation phase but it leads towards self mobilization. |
планирование | интерактивное | The StabilCon Implementation Unit (composed of a coordinator, experts/professionals and local actors) leads the planning phase, which includes an area identification and a ground feasibility study. |
выполнение | самоорганизация | All activities are implemented by local communities. |
мониторинг/ оценка | внешняя поддержка | Data is mainly collected and analyzed by specialists/experts. |
3.3 Схема реализации (если имеется)
3.4 Принятие решений по выбору Технологии/ Технологий УЗП
Укажите, кто принимал решение по выбору применяемой Технологии/ Технологий:
- в основном землепользователи при поддержке специалистов по УЗП
Поясните:
StabilCon aims to bring together international SLM experience with local SLM knowledge to develop activities.
Поясните на чём было основано принятие решений:
- анализ подробно описанного опыта и знаний по УЗП (принятие решений на основе подтвержденных фактов)
- личный опыт и мнения (незадокументированные)
4. Техническая поддержка, повышение компетенций и управление знаниями
4.1 Повышение компетенций/ обучение
Проводилось ли обучение землепользователей/ других заинтересованных лиц?
Да
Укажите, кто проходил обучение:
- землепользователи
- local government (e.g. accounting, legal, economic)
Тип обучения:
- в ходе работы
- курсы
Рассматриваемые темы:
22 members of the Malkahalaku Community Conservancy were trained through a Kenya Wildlife Service Law Enforcement Academy programme, to enable them to serve as rangers for their conservancy to improve local security. The StabilCon implementation Unit also conducted courses to train the Conservancy's management and employees in various offices (e.g. accounting, legal, economic) to improve governance in Malkahalaku Community Conservancy.
4.2 Консультационные услуги
Есть ли у землепользователей возможность получать консультации?
Да
- Depends on who is receiving the advice.
Описание/ комментарий:
StabilCon Implementation Unit (SIU) provides advice to individuals at multiple levels from government to local.
4.3 Институциональная (организационная) поддержка
В ходе реализации Подхода были ли организованы новые институциональные структуры или поддержаны уже существующие?
- да, существенно
Укажите уровень, на котором структуры были укреплены или вновь созданы:
- местные
- региональный
- национальный
Опишите организацию, функции и ответственность, членство и т.д.
Tsavo Conservation Group, as the StabilCon Implementation Unit (SIU), liaise with all stakeholders to develop an integrated landscape security model in Taita
Укажите тип поддержки:
- финансовая
- повышение компетенций/ обучение
Подробнее:
The Kenya Wildlife Service is due to train 40 Taita community rangers at their Law Enforcement Academy, funded by USAID in conjunction with Tsavo Conservation Group.
4.4 Мониторинг и оценка
Являются ли мониторинг и оценка частью Подхода?
Нет
Комментарии:
The StabilCon approach relies on accurate data to inform decision making. Tsavo Conservation Group maintains a rigorous monitoring and evaluation procedure and maps human-wildlife conflict and rural human dynamics affecting the natural environment in its focal area.
4.5 Научные исследования
Были ли научные исследования частью Подхода?
Нет
5. Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка
5.1 Годовой бюджет мероприятий по УЗП в рамках Подхода
Если точный годовой бюжет неизвестен, укажите примерный диапазон затрат:
- 100 000-1 000 000
Комментарий (например, основные источники финансирования/ ключевые доноры):
USAID and private donors are the main funding sources.
5.2 Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка, предоставляемая землепользователям
Предоставлялась ли землепользователям финансовая/ материальная поддержка для применения Технологии /Технологий?
Да
Если да, укажите тип(-ы) поддержки, кто ее предоставил и условия предоставления:
Tsavo Conservation Group raises external funding for rangers (training, salaries etc.), security infrastructure (buildings, vehicles etc.); logistics, planning and deployment costs. However, the StabilCon approach aims to make all activities economically self-sustaining through internal funding.
5.3 Субсидии на отдельные затраты (включая оплату труда)
- нет
Если труд землепользователя был существенным вкладом, укажите, был ли этот вклад:
- за денежное вознаграждение
Комментарии:
Conservancy rangers are paid in cash through StabilCon, but these costs will gradually be internalized.
5.4 Кредитование
Предоставлялись ли в рамках Подхода кредиты на мероприятия УЗП?
Нет
5.5 Другие методы или инструменты стимулирования
Использовались ли другие методы или инструменты стимулирования для продвижения Технологий УЗП?
Нет
6. Анализ влияния и заключительные положения
6.1 Влияние Подхода
Сумел ли Подход расширить возможности местных землепользователей, повысить участие заинтересованных сторон?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
The training of community conservancy rangers enables the conservancies to increase the degree to which they manage their own security, and are less dependent on already overstretched government law enforcement agencies.
Сумел ли Подход помочь землепользователям внедрить и поддерживать технологии УЗП?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
Data collected thus far indicates that elephant poaching has declined considerably since StabilCon's implementation, but it is not yet possible to gauge the sustainability due to the short duration of operation.
Сумел ли Подход улучшить согласованность действий и повысить рентабельность применения практик УЗП:
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
By acting as an impartial arbitrator, the StabilCon Implementation Unit facilitated coordination between chiefs who previously had dysfunctional relationships.
Сумел ли Подход мобилизовать/ расширить доступ к финансовым ресурсам для применения практик УЗП?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
StabilCon raised funding from international organizations such as USAID, that would otherwise have been inaccessible to local people.
Сумел ли Подход расширить знания и возможности других заинтересованных сторон?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
Capacity building was provided to local government employees (e.g. accountants, legal, economic). It was also provided to conservancy members in the form of ranger training.
Сумел ли Подход укрепить сотрудничество между заинтересоваными сторонами/ выстроить механизмы сотрудничества?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
StabilCon facilitated collaboration among actors who previously did not coordinate at local-level (chiefs) and government-level (government departments).
Сумел ли Подход снизить остроту конфликтов?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
The StabilCon Implementation Unit helped mitigate conflicts between Malkahalaku Community members and the Kenya Wildlife Service (national government) by facilitating dialogue and acting as third party mediators.
Сумел ли Подход привести к более эффективному использованию электроэнергии/ возобновляемых источников энергии?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
No energy source dimension to the approach.
Сумел ли Подход улучшить способность землепользователей адаптироваться к изменениям климата и смягчать последствия катастрофических погодных явлений?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
As StabilCon has only been active for 3 years this is difficult to judge.
Сумел ли Подход привести к созданию новых рабочих мест/ к расширению возможностей получения дохода?
- Нет
- Да, немного
- Да, умеренно
- Да, существенно
StabilCon created job opportunities relating to conservancy security (mainly rangers).
6.2 Основные причины, побуждающие землепользователей внедрять УЗП
- рост прибыли (доходности) и рентабельности
Wealth and a better life are the main motivations for all activities.
- нормативно-правовое регулирование (штрафы)/ контроль
Law enforcement at the community level in rural communities is one of the main benefits of formally trained conservancy rangers.
- снижение остроты конфликтов
Conflict mitigation is a significant aspect of this approach. The presence of formally trained rangers benefits community members in the form of improved social security and possibly economic opportunities (e.g. less wildlife poaching may improve tourism and fewer stock thefts may facilitate livestock-keeping).
6.3 Долгосрочная устойчивость мероприятий в рамках Подхода
Могут ли землепользователи самостоятельно (без внешней поддержки) продолжать применение того, что было реализовано в рамках Подхода?
- нет уверенности
Если нет или нет уверенности, объясните почему:
StabilCon has only been active for 3 years so this is difficult to gauge.
6.4 Сильные стороны/ преимущества Подхода
Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей |
---|
Due to StabilCon's structured approach, it can be budgeted in the long term. |
StabilCon requires minimal intervention and relies mainly on internal motivation and activity. |
The long-term aim is for revenue to be generated internally and sustainably through a structured investment model. |
Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов |
---|
Enables local communities to access international funds. |
The StabilCon approach seeks to leverage the interaction between SLM and human security. |
Integration of international SLM experience with local knowledge. |
The StabilCon approach seeks to identify the extraordinary in people and nurture their strengths |
6.5 Слабые стороны/ недостатки Подхода и пути их преодоления
Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей | Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения? |
---|---|
The need to raise start-up funding. | Ensure adequate focus on fund-raising. |
StabilCon is not a stand-alone 'silver bullet', but needs a certain amount of national infrastructure in place in order to operate. | None. |
StabilCon depends heavily on the individuals employed and can thus be impacted considerably by the human weaknesses of individuals. | Over the long-term, educate people to develop interdisciplinary skills. |
Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов | Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения? |
---|---|
With few years of active experience of StabilCon, the benefits, downfalls and sustainability of the approach are still unclear. | Continuation of the approach will reveal its strengths and weaknesses. |
7. Справочные материалы и ссылки
7.1 Методы сбора/источники информации
- опросы специалистов/экспертов по УЗП
One expert (co-founder & CEO of Tsavo Conservation Group and the StabilCon approach)
- данные, собранные из отчетов и достоверных документов
Reports and documentation shared by the informant and project websites.
7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы
Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:
Saunders I, Saunders T (2017) The StabilCon Brief
Где опубликовано? Стоимость?
Freely available an in the public domain
7.3 Ссылки на материалы, доступные онлайн
Название/ описание:
Stabilization Through Conservation (StabilCon) on Tsavo Conservation Group website
Адрес в сети Интернет:
http://www.tsavocon.org/stabilcon/
Название/ описание:
Tsavo Conservation Group's eMAP (Elephant Monitoring and Anti-Poaching) project
Ссылки и модули
Развернуть все Свернуть всеСсылки
Нет ссылок
Модули
Нет модулей