1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Технологии

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Sustainable Soil Management Programme, Nepal (SSMP)

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Department of Agriculture, Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur (doasoil) - Непал

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

05/11/2008

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.5 Ссылка на Анкету (-ы) по Подходам УЗП

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Collection of cattle urine in improved cattle sheds for use as liquid manure and organic pesticide

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient for plants, and high crop productivity can only be achieved by making sufficient nitrogen available to crops. Nitrogen is also the most limiting nutrient in farms across Nepal’s midhills. Traditionally farmers applied farmyard manure to fertilise their needs. In many places this is being supplemented or even entirely replaced by inorganic fertiliser - mainly urea. The price of inorganic fertiliser has increased continuously in recent years and it is only available in limited quantities in areas far from the roadheads. On the other hand, cultivation practices are intensifying with increased cropping intensities and more nutrient-demanding crops as, for example, local varieties are replaced by hybrids and new crops are grown. This can easily lead to declining soil fertility and nutrient mining if it is not compensated for by an equivalent increase in organic or mineral fertilisation.
Cattle urine is a viable alternative to mineral fertiliser. Of the nitrogen excreted by cattle, 60% is found in the urine and only 40% in dung. In traditional sheds, urine is left to be absorbed in the bedding material, while excess urine is channelled out of the shed and disposed of. The technology described here - improved cattle sheds- are designed for collecting the urine in a pit or drum. This pit is generally located in the shed itself or just outside connected to the drainage channel through a pipe and protected from rain and runoff. Where urine is collected for incorporation in farmyard manure, the pit may be directly connected to the manure pit or heap. Urine that is going to be used as liquid manure or organic pesticide has to be stored in a drum for fermentation.
A household with two cattle can save the equivalent of purchasing about 100 kg of urea over one year by applying urine either directly as liquid fertiliser or as a component in improved farmyard manure.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

3.1 Основные цели и задачи реализации Технологии

• Collect fertilizer

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

Пояснения:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Intensifying cultivation practices with either 1) inadequate application of fertilisers leading to a decline in soil
fertility and the mining of soil nutrients or 2) application of too much fertiliser causing environmental problems through
excessive leaching, and losses of fertiliser in surface runoff and consequent eutrophication or nitrification of streams,
ponds, or groundwater.

3.4 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• Комплексное управление почвенным плодородием

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

Пояснения:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

3.8 Предотвращение и снижение деградации земель, или восстановление нарушенных земель

Укажите цель Технологии по отношению к деградации земель :

• не применимо

4.1 Технический рисунок, иллюстрирующий Технологию

4.2 Спецификация / пояснения к техническому рисунку

a) Urine collection and direct
incorporation in covered
farmyard manure pit.
b) Urine collection for later
application as liquid manure or
organic pesticide.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility, increase in soil productivity, pest control

Secondary technical functions: supplementary irrigation

4.3 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

Уточните, как рассчитывались затраты и вложения:

• на технологическую единицу

Укажите денежные единицы, использованные для подсчета затрат:

• Доллары США

4.4 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки
1.	Provide slight slope to the cattle shed floor	Управленческие
2.	Dig a draining ditch and a collection pit, if possible at the lowest point inside the shed. If this is not possible, an outside pit should be dug, protected from rain and runoff, and connected with the draining ditch through a pipe or a channel.	Управленческие
3.	Make the floor as impermeable as possible; e.g. with cement (expensive and durable), stone slabs, soil compaction, or clay (cheap but not durable). The more impermeable the floor, the more urine can be collected.	Управленческие
4.	Provide a jug/’decapitated’ plastic bottle/cup/etc. to scoop the urine out of the collection pit into the fermentation drum.	Управленческие

4.5 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Labour	per unit	1,0	6,0	6,0	100,0
Строительные материалы	Plastic drum	per unit	6,0	1,0	6,0	100,0
Общая стоимость запуска Технологии					12,0

Пояснения:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.25 month(s)

4.6 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки/ повторяемость проведения
1.	When the collection pit is full, the collected urine has to be removed from the pit and stored in a plastic drum for fermentation.	Управленческие
2.	The urine is applied as liquid fertiliser by jug or through drip irrigation.	Управленческие

4.7 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

Пояснения:

It is clear that cattle or buffaloes are required for urine production. To help farmers to use their own resources,
it is suggested to start with the cheapest and simplest form of urine collection and a compacted sloping floor and a
collection pit within the shed. This allows the farmer to see the benefits of collecting the urine and will encourage them
to invest in more expensive materials to improve the efficiency of urine collection. Cost as in January 2007

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Комментарии и дополнительные сведения по условиям рельефа/ топографии :

Slopes on average: Also moderate (6-10%), rolling (11-15%) and hilly (16-30%)

Landforms: Also footslopes

Altitudinal zone: Also 1000-1500 m a.s.l. and 1500-2000 m a.s.l.

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

Укажите другие важные характеристики землепользователей:

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries, whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia, and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

5.7 Средний размер земельных участков, арендуемых или находящихся в собственности землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

Землевладелец:

• индивидуальная, не оформленная в собственность
• индивидуальная, оформленная в собственность

Право землепользования:

• аренда
• индивидуальное

6.1 Влияние Технологии УЗП в пределах территории ее применения

Социально-экономическое воздействие

Доходы и затраты

Другое социально-экономическое воздействие

Социальное и культурное воздействие

Экологическое воздействие

Другие экологические последствия

6.2 Влияние Технологии за пределами территории ее применения

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с первоначальными вложениями (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с текущими расходами по поддержанию технологии (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Пояснения:

The high cost of mineral fertiliser means that the establishment costs are soon recovered. In the long-term, the major reduction in fertiliser cost leads to increased benefits.

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

Пояснения:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Approximately 30% of SSMP supported farmers groups and about 15% none members of SSMP supported groups adopted the tehnology.

6.7 Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности Технологии

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
The use of urine collected on-farm reduced the requirement for mineral fertiliser which reduced production costs and outside dependency How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further promotion of the technology will increase this impact
Human urine can also be used to fertilise crops, but needs to be fermented longer and may be socially less accepted How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote the use of urine further and show there is no problem with using human urine
Applying urine as a liquid manure also irrigates the crops (fertigation) How can they be sustained / enhanced? The link between urine application and drip irrigation, or other forms of smallscale irrigation, should be promoted. It has been tested and applied successfully by farmers related to SSMP in Syangja and Surkhet in western Nepal

6.8 Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски Технологии и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
The initial costs incurred whilst improving a durable shed using cement may hinder adoption	Simpler methods such as using clay soil, compacting the fl oor, and using stone slates may, however lead to less urine being collected
Project incentives (cement, plastic drum) have hindered adoption in some places	No incentives should be provided, rather very simple methods should be demonstrated and adapted to local conditions
Urine collection is feasible for subsistence farm households or small scale commercial producers. It may, however, not be applicable for larger scale commercial vegetable producers as a balance between area needed for livestock and growing the crops is needed	Urine could become a tradeable commodity which would see large-scale livestock producers selling their urine to large-scale vegetable producers.

7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

STSS; SSMP (2001) Farmyard Manure and Compost Management (in Nepali). Kathmandu: Soil Testing Services Section, Department of Agriculture and Sustainable Soil Management Programme

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

SSMP