1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Технологии

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Reabilitação de terras e gestão das áreas de pastagem nos sistemas de produção agro-pastoris dos pequenos produtores no sudoeste de Angola (RETESA)

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

FAO Angola (FAO Angola) - Ангола

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

15/05/2017

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.4 Декларация по устойчивости описываемой Технологии

Вызывает ли описанная здесь Технология проблемы деградации земель настолько, что ее нельзя назвать природосберегающей?

Нет

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Rehabilitation of rangelands involves selection of key pasture and fodder species, and their reintroduction into strategic areas through stakeholder participation. The technology is also supported by communal management plans, which were created to address the root causes of land degradation.

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

This technology was developed and implemented through the RETESA Project “Land rehabilitation and rangelands management in smallholder agropastoral production systems in south-western Angola”. RETESA is a project owned and implemented by the Ministry of Environment of the Government of Angola, with technical and methodological assistance from The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and financed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
Inappropriate grazing regimes and poor livestock management by pastoral communities in SW Angola have led to degradation of rangeland and pastoral resources, with perennial grassland species and shrubs having been effectively eliminated. This is despite the fact that the pastoral communities of the area know their environment extremely well and are aware of the land degradation happening around them. Under the project they identified crucial areas for rehabilitation works, selecting mostly areas around water points that have been in use both by local and transhumant herders. Through these works, the local community sought to (a) increase ground cover to reduce sediment loads entering waterways (erosion control), (b) provide shade for livestock, (c) increase forage production and (d) introduce legumes and multipurpose forage trees in areas of high animal traffic. A total of four areas in the Bibala and Virei Municipalities were identified for the activities.
The communities were closely involved in the selection and propagation of plant species for the rehabilitation works. The project field staff also ran field palatability trials with them to confirm that the plants selected met their expectations. These participatory trials were also aimed at enhancing their understanding of livestock nutrition and how it related to animal health. Once the species were chosen, seed was collected by the communities and the Project Technicians, and was multiplied in 32 Agro-Pastoral Field School Nurseries and 2 Government funded Veterinary Research Stations. A total of 15 species were identified, with the grasses Eragrostis superba, Urochloa mosambicensis, and the trees Acacia nilotica, Faidherbia albida, Leucaena leucocephala and Moringa oleifera being the most valued by the communities as forage and multipurpose species. The trees were germinated from seed with success. However, native grass species failed to germinate by standard methods - early field trials having ruled out direct seeding methods. Thus they were multiplied by root division of plants collected from cultivated fields. This avoided removal of grass from natural areas.
As the majority of the areas selected for the rehabilitation works were focused around water points and waterways, the soils were generally alluvial, sandy loams. Precipitation is highest in the areas to the north: it ranges from 600 mm in the upper areas of the Bibala Municipality to 200 mm in the areas to the south in Virei. In general, the vegetation communities could be described as dry sclerophyll woodlands with Colophospermum mopane being the dominant tree species, with forest cover decreasing in height and density as one moves south toward drier areas.
Through close collaboration with the participant communities, three rehabilitation methods were designed and improved upon throughout the Project's duration. Method 1 was used to plant open areas within the rehabilitation zone, Method 2 was employed to introduce and protect concentrated plantings of the selected species in strategic locations within the landscape, and Method 3 was preferred for the recuperation of riparian vegetation and to reduce sediment loads in waterways. The three methods used are described in more detail in the Technical Drawings. To increase the sense of ownership and thus the sustained effectiveness of the rehabilitation works, land management plans and other supporting activities were also carried out.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

2.6 Сколько лет применяется данная Технология

Если год начала применения Технологии достоверно неизвестен, дайте примерную оценку:

• менее 10 лет назад (недавняя)

2.7 Внедрение Технологии

Укажите, как именно Технология УЗП была внедрена:

• через проекты/ внешнее вмешательство

Пояснения (тип проекта и т.д.):

The proposed project: “Land rehabilitation and rangelands management in smallholders’ agropastoral production systems in southwestern Angola” (RETESA) is a joint effort by the Ministério do Ambiente (MA), Ministério da Agricultura e do Desenvolvimento Rural e das Pescas (MINANDER), Governo Provincial do Namibe, Governo Provincial do Huila, and Governo Provincial de Benguela, together with FAO and GEF. In line with the GEF-5 Land Degradation strategy, the project’s goal is to create an enhanced enabling environment in the agricultural sector and a sustained flow of agro-ecosystem services.

3.1 Основные цели и задачи реализации Технологии

• повышение производства
• снижение или предотвращение деградации земель, восстановление нарушенных земель
• сохранение экосистем
• сохранение/ повышение биоразнообразия
• снижение риска стихийных бедствий
• адаптация к изменению климата / экстремальным погодным явлениям и их последствиям
• смягчение последствий изменения климата
• создание благоприятных экономических условий

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

Если использование земель изменилось с началом применения Технологии, укажите тип землепользования до применения Технологии:

Crop land is increasing in the area as population increases and people move towards more sedimentary livelihoods.

3.3 Дополнительная информация о землепользовании

Обеспеченность водой участков, где реализуется Технология :

• богарные земли

Число урожаев за год:

• 1

Поголовье скота на единицу площади (если применимо):

Official data is not available and true livestock numbers are unknown.

3.4 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• Кочевое животноводство и пастбищное хозяйство
• Улучшение почвенного/ растительного покрова

3.5 Распределение Технологии по площади

Охарактеризуйте пространственное распространение Технологии :

• примененяется точечно/ на небольших участках

Пояснения:

Planting areas are selected due to their importance and relevance to the local communities. For the most part, the plantings have been centred around key water points. In order to increase impact and scale up the process of rangeland rehabilitation and improvement, management plans are negotiated and agreed upon by the communities through the Green Negotiated Territorial Development Approach (GreeNTD) processes.

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

Пояснения:

The management plans created at the community and administrative level identify a number of large areas which are to serve as 'Grazing Reverses' for the dry season. Therefore, the agreements call for all livestock to abandon the area at the onset of the first rains and not return until the Pastoral Management Forum agrees to open the area for grazing. Once open, the range is available to all pastoralists, those that live in the immediate area and those moving through on their transhumance migration.

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

3.8 Предотвращение и снижение деградации земель, или восстановление нарушенных земель

Укажите цель Технологии по отношению к деградации земель :

• снижение деградации земель
• восстановление/ реабилитация нарушенных земель

4.1 Технический рисунок, иллюстрирующий Технологию

4.2 Спецификация / пояснения к техническому рисунку

Planting is typically based on three different methods, as seen in the figure above.
- Method 1 relies on placing a leguminous, multipurpose tree species in the ground with two native grass species to each side of the tree. The holes are dug and a small amount of manure is placed in the bottom of the hole, adding some water if it is readily available. Then the trees and grasses are planted and well-watered. Finally, a branch or two of thorny shrubs or trees are placed over the plants to protect them from being grazed (where possible, dead branches should be used, rather than cutting living plants).
- Method 2 requires the creation of an enclosed, protected area which is then planted at high densities, preferably in low-lying areas where adequate soil moisture is available. Dry, dead branches from thorny trees and shrubs are used to create the enclosures and provide protection to these plantings.
- Method 3 is based on the creation of a 'leaky weir', which is a small stone barrier, horizontal to the flow of water (on the contour) planted with a mixture of native riparian species. This is intended to slow the flow of water and stimulate the recovery of riparian vegetation. The plants are also protected with dry, dead branches from thorny trees and shrubs in this method.
To increase their effectiveness, it is recommended that the three methods be combined within the landscape, as seen in the 4th slide 'Field application of methods'.

4.3 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

Уточните, как рассчитывались затраты и вложения:

• на технологическую единицу

Укажите денежные единицы, использованные для подсчета затрат:

• Доллары США

4.4 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки
1.	Meetings and field visits with participant communities to identify plant species and their uses	Другие мероприятия	Best during growing season
2.	Further meetings to decide on which species are to be multiplied and arrange seed collection	Другие мероприятия	Near end of growing season
3.	Seed collection and transportation	Другие мероприятия	When seed is available (varies with species)
4.	Instalation of irrigation systems	Инженерные	Most communiites need a water extraction and distribution system to create nurseries
5.	Delivery of nursery supplies and instalation of shade cloth	Инженерные	Nurseries should have water access and shade
6.	Planting of seeds and care for seedlings at nursery	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	Formed part of Agro-Pastoral Farmer Field School activities
7.	Identification of planting areas and timing	Другие мероприятия	Should be at beginning of rainy season, or when soil moisture permits
8.	Organisation of materials and tools	Другие мероприятия	At least 1 week before the planting
9.	Planting day (preparation of planting holes and transplanting of seedlings)	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	2 days maximum was seen to be optimal
10.	Watering until the plants are established	Агрономические	Usually a maximum of 3 watering over 1 week after the plantings
11.	Follow up visits to make sure management agreements are being respected and plants are not being eaten by stock until they are ready	Управленческие	Plants should not be grazed for at least 6 months from planting time until they are well established

Пояснения:

The activities and costs given were those needed to produce and plant 3,345 trees and grasses in the 4 rehabilitation areas. Given that 3,345 plants were produced at a cost of $3284.75, the cost per plant produced and planted in the field is $0.98. Seedlings available through local, government nurseries were $2.00 per unit, but only exotic ornamentals were available. However, it can be expected that in other contexts and locations, it would be cheaper to buy seedlings, instead of training communities and creating numerous small-scale nurseries, though clearly these communities will not ‘own’ the process as well as if they were involved from the beginning.

4.5 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Project Technicians/Drivers/Consultants, etc	Person-days	30,0	20,0	600,0
Оплата труда	Plant identification activities and seed collection	Person-days	10,0	6,0	60,0	100,0
Оплата труда	Plant nursery creation and plant production	Person-days	16,0	6,0	96,0	100,0
Оплата труда	Participation during planting days	Person-days	25,0	10,0	250,0	90,0
Оборудование	Vehicle	Trips	10,0	40,0	400,0
Оборудование	Nursery supplies (including water system which also supplies water to Farmer Field School)	Materials	1,0	800,0	800,0	10,0
Оборудование	Planting supplies (shovels, hoes, wheelbarrows, etc.)	Materials	1,0	120,0	120,0
Оборудование	Other improvements to water point (fencing, cement blocks, cement, hoses, etc.)	Materials	1,0	250,0	250,0
Оборудование	Maps (traced onto paper from projected images for management purposes)	Materials	1,0	10,0	10,0
Оборудование	Food and Refreshments	Per person	25,0	2,5	62,5
Удобрения и ядохимикаты	Manure (50 grams per sack, 12.500 sacks)	Kilos	625,0	0,25	156,25	100,0
Строительные материалы	Shade-cloth	m2	320,0	1,5	480,0
Общая стоимость запуска Технологии					3284,75

Если землепользователем оплачено менее 100% затрат, укажите, кем покрывались остальные затраты:

Remaining costs were provided by the RETESA Project.

Пояснения:

Production depends on the ability of the pastoral communities to produce viable plants. If they are unable to do so, then plants can be bought from Government funded nurseries, though costs per plant will most rise though it can substitute the need for having to purchase a water supply system. The total shown here reflects a percentage (16%) of the costs of installing a water system that supplied water to the whole of the Agro-Pastoral Farmer Field School. These systems usually included a 10,000 litre water tank, a gasoline water pump, extraction pipe and parts, 100 to 200 mts of 1.5" hoses and parts and 3 kms of drip irrigation hose.

4.6 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки/ повторяемость проведения
1.	Meetings to ensure management agreements are being respected.	Управленческие	Once every 3 to 6 months, especially before and after rainy season.
2.	Repairs and replacement of nursery supplies.	Инженерные	Once a year.
3.	Replanting of dead seedlings	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	Just before and during rainy season.

4.7 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Visits to sites and tour of planting areas.	Person-days	4,0	20,0	80,0	50,0
Оплата труда	Driver.	Person-days	1,0	20,0	20,0
Оплата труда	Replanting of dead seedlings	Person-days	2,0	6,0	12,0	100,0
Оплата труда	Watering	Person-days	14,0	6,0	84,0	100,0
Оборудование	Vehicle	Trips	1,0	40,0	40,0
Оборудование	Watering cans and buckets	Materials	4,0	5,0	20,0
Общая стоимость поддержания Технологии					256,0

Если землепользователем оплачено менее 100% затрат, укажите, кем покрывались остальные затраты:

The RETESA Project provided an important part of both material and technical support to the communities, though the communities also contributed substantially.

4.8 Наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат

Опишите наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат:

The activities and costs given were those needed to produce and plant 3,345 trees and grasses in the 4 rehabilitation areas. Given that 3.345 plants were produced at a cost of $3284.75, the cost per plant produced and planted in the field is $0.98. Seedlings avaliable through local, government nurseries were $2.00 per unit, but only exotic ornamentals were avaliable. However, it can be expected that in other contexts and locations, it would be cheaper to buy seedlings instead of training communities and creating numerous small scale nurseries, though clearly these communities will not appropriate the process as well as if they were involved from the beginning.

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Укажите, приурочено ли применение Технологии к специфическим условиям:

• не имеет значения

Комментарии и дополнительные сведения по условиям рельефа/ топографии :

Usually the planting are undertaken along river plains and river banks, as they are the only areas that have the necessary soil moisture to ensure survival of the seedlings.

5.3 Почвы

5.4 Доступность и качество воды

Является ли солёность воды проблемой?

Да

Поясните:

Many bores and wells cannot be used due to Salinity problems. Before planting, it is wise to make sure soil salinity is not problematic in areas identified.

Происходят ли периодические затопления территории?

Да

Регулярность:

эпизодически

Комментарии и дополнительная информация по качеству и количеству воды:

Water quality and quantity are major issues for the area. There are few if any reliable water sources in the area and most communities depend on wells dug in the river bottoms to supply their water.

5.5 Биоразнообразие

Комментарии и дополнительная информация по биоразнообразию:

The area is devoid of most wild animals due to the years of war the country experienced during the second half of the 20th century.

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

Укажите другие важные характеристики землепользователей:

The communities are still traditional though are currently being influenced by the globalisation process.

5.7 Средний размер земельных участков, арендуемых или находящихся в собственности землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

Землевладелец:

• общинная/ поселковая

Право землепользования:

• неограниченное (неконтролируемое)

Право водопользования:

• неограниченное (неконтролируемое)

5.9 Доступ к базовым услугам и инфраструктуре

6.1 Влияние Технологии УЗП в пределах территории ее применения

Социально-экономическое воздействие

Продуктивность

Доступность и качество воды

Социальное и культурное воздействие

Экологическое воздействие

Водный цикл/ поверхностный сток

Почвы

Биоразнообразие: растительность, животный мир

Климат и снижение риска стихийных бедствий

6.2 Влияние Технологии за пределами территории ее применения

6.3 Подверженность и чувствительность Технологии УЗП к постепенным изменениям климата и экстремальным погодным явлениям/ стихийным бедствиям, связанным с изменением климата (в понимании землепользователей)

Постепенное изменение климата

Постепенное изменение климата

	Сезон	Тип изменения климата/ экстремального явления	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
среднегодовое количество осадков		снизилось	хорошо
сезонное количество осадков	весна	снизилось	хорошо

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с первоначальными вложениями (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с текущими расходами по поддержанию технологии (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

• отдельные случаи/ эксперимент

Среди применяющих Технологию землепользователей, какова доля лиц, применяющих её по собственной инициативе, т.е. без какого-либо материального стимулирования со стороны?

• 0-10%

6.6 Адаптация

Была ли Технология УЗП изменена в недавнее время с целью адаптации к меняющимся условиям среды?

Нет

6.7 Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности Технологии

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей
Communities learn about plants' role in the wider ecosystem, how to select and multiply key fruit, fodder or timber species and should see an increase in their horticultural and livestock production, leading to improved nutrition or income.
Done properly, it can be a cost-effective and reliable way to produce the plants needed within family units.

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
When the plants are produced in collaboration with the local pastoral communities, the benefits are wide ranging, promoting everything from environmental awareness to technical and practical knowledge.
It remains a cost-effective way of improving key productive species and increasing community resilience.
Increasing biomass and introducing better management cycles contribute to reducing land degradation and improve nutrient and energy cycling.

6.8 Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски Технологии и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Can require stable supply of water, and labour costs can increase if water sources are not easily accessible.	Locate nurseries near reliable and accessible water sources.
Can require permanent residence, so as to be able to care for plants until they are developed and placed in the ground at the proper date in the calendar (before or during rainy season).	Not easy in nomadic cultures.
Early attempts often fail to produce lasting results.	Concentrate early efforts on small experimental plots so as to fine-tune planting methods and timing.

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
The technology is usually not suitable for large areas of land (>1,000 hectares).	Compliment any rehabilitation efforts with improved management plans which are developed with stakeholder input and approval.
Plant losses are typically high, especially if rains fail to arrive, or if the year is abnormally dry.	Watch weather forecast to try and focus planting campaigns on those days with a high probability of rain.
Local species are often not valued by local officials and technicians, leading to a predominance of exotic species in rehabilitation works.	Undertake awareness and training sessions which highlight the value and uses of native species with local land users and administrative officials.

7.1 Методы сбора/ источники информации

7.3 Ссылки на материалы, доступные онлайн

Название/ описание:

FAO in Action: Using indigenous knowledge to reverse land degradation in Angola.

Адрес в сети Интернет:

http://www.fao.org/in-action/using-indigenous-knowledge-to-reverse-land-degradation-in-angola/en/