1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Технологии

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.5 Ссылка на Анкету (ы) по Подходам УЗП (документируется с использованием ВОКАТ)

Farmer initiative within enabling environment [Швейцария]

Initiative and innovation of land users, stimulated by government's technical and financial support.

• Составитель: Nicole Guedel
• 13.01.2009 00:00

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Naturally growing or sown perennial grasses/herbs providing cover
between rows in sloping vineyards, where the vines are usually oriented up and down slope.

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

The area around Lake Biel has a strong wine growing tradition dating back several centuries. The vineyards are, for micro-climatic reasons, sited on the southwest facing slope close to the lake. Annual rainfall is about 1,000 mm, with at least one erosive storm per year, and the soils are highly erodible. In conventional viniculture all weeds are controlled chemically. The ‘green cover technology’ comprises sown, or naturally occurring, perennial grasses and herbs which form a biodiverse green cover - a ‘living mulch’ - over the soil surface between vine rows. In this region, rows are generally oriented up and down the slope for ease of machine operation. Green cover may also be applied where vines are grown on narrow bench terraces. The purpose is the prevention of soil degradation, especially soil erosion by water. Secondary purposes include protection of the soil surface from compaction when using mechanised equipment, and promotion of biodiversity.
Green cover is generally established naturally - except on contour-planted terraced vineyards, where cover is planted for immediate stabilisation of the terraces. To avoid competition, a 10-40 cm diameter zone around the freshly planted vines is kept free from vegetation: during the three year establishment period it is removed by hoe, later it is controlled with herbicides (either as a strip along vine rows or around individual vines). The topsoil between the vine rows is ripped every few years with an implement pulled by a small caterpillar tractor. The green cover vegetation is cut, chopped and left as mulch several times using special mulching machines. These operations are not carried out over the whole field at once: alternate rows are left untouched to ensure that some vegetation remains to maintain biodiversity. When these rows redevelop their green cover, the others are then treated. This is effectively a minimum tillage system, building up organic matter in the soil. Cutting and mulching, in addition to ripping, serves to circulate nutrients. Mineral fertilizer and herbicides are applied once a year around the vines. Experiments with the technology started in the 1970s, but green cover has now become standard practice.
Supportive measures include not removing crop residues (from vineyards) which are chopped later - simultaneously with the cover crop (grass) - to protect the soil surface, and irrigation in dry years.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

Страна:

Швейцария

Административная единица (Район/Область):

Canton of Berne

Более точная привязка места:

Lake of Biel

Пояснения:

The technology is applied in all wine growing regions of Switzerland, but under different conditions

Map

×

2.6 Сколько лет применяется данная Технология

Если год начала применения Технологии достоверно неизвестен, дайте примерную оценку:

• менее 10 лет назад (недавняя)

2.7 Внедрение Технологии

Укажите, как именно Технология УЗП была внедрена:

• через проекты/ внешнее вмешательство

Пояснения (тип проекта и т.д.):

The development of green cover in vineyards was (also on the international level) essentially promoted and supported by the Federal Research Station for fruit-growing, viticulture and horticulture in Wädenswil (Canton of Zürich)

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

Пахотные угодья и плантации

• Многолетние (недревесные) культуры
• Древесные и кустарниковые культуры

Древесные и кустарниковые культуры - Уточните культуры:

• виноград

Число урожаев за год:

• 1

Поясните:

Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct

Пояснения:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The main problem was decreasing soil fertility, especially through soil erosion by water, caused by lack of soil cover and intensive cultivation. There were associated negative offsite effects including sand/sediment deposition and contamination of groundwater by nutrients. This became a serious problem from the 1960s when the traditional labour-intensive methods were superseded by a mechanised-industrial agricultural system.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: a vine plantation is established for a period of 20-40 years (lifetime of a vine). Some farmers make one year of fallow between the destruction of the old and the establishment of a new plantation.

3.4 Водоснабжение

Обеспеченность водой участков, где реализуется Технология :

• сочетание богарных и орошаемых земель

Пояснения:

Water supply: rainfed, mixed rainfed - irrigated

3.5 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• Улучшение почвенного/ растительного покрова
• мероприятия по влагозадержанию и снижению эрозии почв на склонах

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

Агрономические мероприятия

• А7: Другие

Мероприятия с использованием растительности

• Р5: Другие

Пояснения:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

Specification of other agronomic measures: minimum tillage: cutting & mulching, ripping

Specification of other vegetative measures: cover cropping

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, manure / compost / residues, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers, breaking compacted topsoil

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

водная эрозия почв

• ВЭп: поверхностная эрозия/смыв верхних почвенных горизонтов
• ВЭд: косвенное воздействие водной эрозии

ухудшение химических свойств почв

• Хп: Снижение плодородия и уменьшение содержания органического вещества (вызванное не эрозией, а другими причинами)
• Хз: загрязнение почв

ухудшение физических свойств почв

• Фу: уплотнение
• Фк: растрескивание и коркообразование

Пояснения:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wo: offsite degradation effects, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Cp: soil pollution

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Pc: compaction, Pk: sealing and crusting

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes: fast changing basic conditions of viticulture in the last 100 years), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge), fast changing basic conditions of viticulture (economy, laws)

3.8 Предотвращение и снижение деградации земель, или восстановление нарушенных земель

Укажите цель Технологии по отношению к деградации земель :

• снижение деградации земель

Пояснения:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Технический рисунок, иллюстрирующий Технологию

Спецификация (пояснения к техническому рисунку):

Technical drawing of green cover on parcel with vine rows oriented up and down the slope. A = distance between vine rows (130-220 cm), B = zone of application of herbicides (10-40 cm).

Location: Twann, Lake of Biel. Canton of Berne

Date: June 2003

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, improvement of soil structure

Secondary technical functions: increase of surface roughness, increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase in soil fertility

Mulching
Material/ species: cut or chopped cover vegetation
Remarks: dispersed over the whole surface; if possible cutting/chopping only every second row (alternating)

Agronomic measure: removing less vegetation cover
Material/ species: cut or chopped cover vegetation, vine leaves and cut branches
Remarks: between vine rows

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: compost
Remarks: only sporadically (every 5-10 year or less)

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: nitrogen
Quantity/ density: 0-50 kg/ha
Remarks: normally rather little nitrogen

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers: potassium
Quantity/ density: 0-20 kg

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers: magnesium
Quantity/ density: 0-25 kg

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers: phosphorus
Quantity/ density: 0-20 kg

Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: if possible: only every second row (alternating)

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: G : grass

Grass species: different grass species, taraxacum, veronica, legumes, calystegia, geranium...

Автор:

Nicole Güdel, Berne, Switzerland

4.2 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

другая/ национальная валюта (название):

Swiss Franc

Если это необходимо, укажите обменный курс от доллара США к местной валюте (например, 1 доллар США = 79,9 бразильского реала): 1 доллар США =:

0,75

4.3 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

4.4 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

Пояснения:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.5 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

4.6 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

Пояснения:

Machinery/ tools: e.g.: hoe, mower with tracked vehicle or portable motor scythe, spading machine with tracked vehicle; knapsack sprayer or biocide tank transported by

Costs are calculated on the basis of vine rows being oriented up and down the slope, a distance between rows of
1.3-2.2 m and 6,500 vines per ha on a slope of <60%. Establishment costs have been estimated and are representative of the situation when green cover is encouraged to establish at the same time as new vines are planted (normal practice). This means that the estimated costs include all the annual agronomic and vegetative inputs within the first 3 years during the establishment phase. If green cover is implemented more than 3 years after planting new vines, establishment costs are much reduced, because the vines are bigger, competition with the green cover is less, and the vines are not so sensitive to herbicides, which permits the replacement of labour intensive manual weeding by application of herbicides. Maintenance costs are based on one typical winegrower in the region. Initial investments in machinery and costs directly attributable to ‘plant capital’ (the vines) are not included.

4.7 Наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат

Опишите наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат:

Labour is the major cost component, since wage levels are very high in Switzerland.

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Комментарии и дополнительные сведения по условиям рельефа/ топографии :

Altitudinal zones: 501-1000 m a.s.l. (For climatic reasons vines grow hardly above 600 m a.s.l. in Switzerland )
Landforms: Hill slopes (most of them southeastward sloping hills (part of the Jura mountain range) )

5.3 Почвы

Если возможно, приложите полное описание почв или укажите доступную информацию, например тип почв, рH/ кислотность почв, ёмкость катионного обмена, содержание азота, содержание солей и т.д.

Soil depth on average: Deep (81-120cm) (Soil depth is very irregular, at some places limestone rocks appear at the surface, at other places soil can be quite deep).
Soil fertility is medium (Vines are normally grown on rather marginal spots. Compared to the general productivity these soils have a medium fertility. (If measured at the vine itself, soil fertility is sufficient/high).
Topsoil organic matter is medium (1-3%) (without / before SWC (green cover)
Soil drainage/infiltration is mostly good, at some points medium (at some spots medium (depressions; when high percentage of clay).
Soil water storage capacity is medium (without / before SWC (green cover)), high (without / before SWC (green cover)) or low (without / before SWC (green cover). Depressions; when high percentage of clay)

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

Укажите другие важные характеристики землепользователей:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
100% of the land users are average wealthy.
Off-farm income specification: This is representative for the full time winegrowers. The majority of winegrowers do winegrowing beside a regular off-farm job (partly 10-50% of income with salary from off-farm work) as a hobby. Nearly all winegrowers have implementeted the SWC technology. Probably there is no difference in hobby-winegrowers and full-time-winegrowers concernring implementation of the SWC technology.
Level of mechanization is manual labour (most of the work in the vineyard is done by hand (especially harvest)) or mechanised (some of the activities are carried out with fuel driven equipment. But mechanisation is moderate since big and heavy machines cannot been applied in these vineyards)
Market orientation is: Commercial/market (in the region of the lake of Biel the majority of grapes are pressed to wine an then and sold directly from the farm's wine cellar)

5.7 Средняя площадь земель, используемых землепользователями с применением Технологии

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

Землевладелец:

• индивидуальная, оформленная в собственность

Право землепользования:

• аренда
• индивидуальное

6.1 Влияние Технологии УЗП в пределах территории ее применения

Социально-экономическое воздействие

Продуктивность

Доходы и затраты

Другое социально-экономическое воздействие

Социальное и культурное воздействие

Экологическое воздействие

Почвы

Биоразнообразие: растительность, животный мир

Другие экологические последствия

6.2 Влияние Технологии за пределами территории ее применения

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с первоначальными вложениями (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с текущими расходами по поддержанию технологии (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

Среди применяющих Технологию землепользователей, какова доля лиц, применяющих её по собственной инициативе, т.е. без какого-либо материального стимулирования со стороны?

• 91-100%

Пояснения:

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

90% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Nearly all of the land users have adopted green cover independently of the direct incentives received for growing vines. The spontaneous spread of green cover occurred before these incentives were tied to ‘ecological production’. Note: Swiss agriculture in general is highly subsidised (see approach).

6.7 Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности Технологии

6.8 Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски Технологии и пути их преодоления

7.1 Методы сбора/ источники информации