1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Технологии

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Potential and limitations for improved natural resource management (NRM) in mountain communities in the Rustaq district, Afghanistan (Rustaq NRM Study)

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Livelihood Improvement Project Takhar, Afghanistan (LIPT)

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Terre des Hommes (Terre des Hommes) - Швейцария

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (DEZA / COSUDE / DDC / SDC) - Швейцария

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Швейцария

Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) - Швейцария

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

27/10/2016

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.4 Декларация по устойчивости описываемой Технологии

Вызывает ли описанная здесь Технология проблемы деградации земель настолько, что ее нельзя назвать природосберегающей?

Нет

Пояснения:

SLM practices documented in the frame of the Rustaq NRM study were established only recently (1-3 years ago). It is too early for a final judgment on the sustainability of these technologies within the human and natural environment of Chokar watershed.

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Hedgerows are vegetative strips of perennial grasses, shrubs or legumes - such as alfalfa - located along contours across a slope. These vegetative strips form a barrier to halt soil erosion and improve soil fertility. Hedgerows of alfalfa also provide quality animal fodder for a period of 5-10 years.

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

Project supported implementation of hedgerows has taken place in the villages of Sari Joy and Jawaz Khana, located in Chokar watershed of Rustaq District in Northern Afghanistan. The Chokar watershed is a mountainous area situated between 600 m and 2,500 m above sea level. The climate is semi-arid with harsh and cold weather in winter and hot and dry summers. The annual precipitation in average years is 580mm. Land degradation affects all forms of land use and includes sparse vegetation cover, severe top soil erosion through rainfall runoff, and poor soil fertility. Unsustainable agricultural practices, and over-exploitation of the natural resources are adversely impacting the socio-economic well-being of local communities, as well as contributing to the risk of being adversely affected by drought, landslides and flash foods triggered by heavy rainfall. The data used for the documentation of the technology are based on field research conducted in Chokar watershed, namely in the villages of Sari Joy and Jawaz Khana. These villages represent the upper and the middle zone of Chokar watershed, respectively. They differ considerably in access to services and infrastructure, but in general are poorly served. The communities depend on land resources for sustaining their livelihoods. In a good year with high yields, wheat self-sufficiency lasts about 5 months. The three villages are home to ethnic Qarluq communities. Since 2012 the Livelihood Improvement Project Takhar (LIPT) implemented by Terre des hommes (Tdh) Switzerland has initiated a range of NRM interventions.

Hedgerows are vegetative strips, planted as contour barriers. In this case they are composed of the perennial legume alfalfa (sometime called lucerne: Medicago sativa), Using an A-frame, contours are defined and demarcated horizontally across the hillside. The distance between the contours depends on the slope gradient. For moderate slopes above 6%, and hilly slopes below 30%, the distance between the contours is 4-5 meters. Using such contouring measurements, a plot area of 0.2 ha is divided into 8 hedgerows along the slope. Once all the contours are established, the topsoil is levelled using a shovel. On each marked contour a soil ridge is created, some 10-20 cm high. On these ridges alfalfa seeds are sown to form the vegetative hedgerow. This stops soil wash, and prevents most of the rainfall runoff. The area between the grass strips is cropped with wheat. The hedgerows are protected for one year, to allow the alfalfa to become established.

Hedgerows were introduced in the local villages to promote low-cost land management practices, which are sustainable and well adapted to the local environmental conditions. Apart from reducing soil erosion, this new practice takes into account the needs of local people to improve soil fertility and increase agricultural yields. Local land users were trained to establish hedgerows on their own land using low amount of inputs. They were given the technical knowledge required. Over the past four years of implementation the land users report noticeable improvements on their plots. The soil is protected from erosion, and the households harvest wheat for the family and alfalfa for their livestock.

One of the key benefits of the technology is that it does not require many or costly inputs and it is relatively easy to establish without technical support. Improved production and availability of alfalfa is a primary benefit from the land users' point of view. They can harvest fodder from the plot for up to 10 years without reseeding.

Hedgerows are among the least labour-intensive SLM practices and thereby do not have a significant influence on the daily household workload of local women. This feature of the technology is perceived as its strength by many female family members.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

2.6 Сколько лет применяется данная Технология

Если год начала применения Технологии достоверно неизвестен, дайте примерную оценку:

• менее 10 лет назад (недавняя)

2.7 Внедрение Технологии

Укажите, как именно Технология УЗП была внедрена:

• через проекты/ внешнее вмешательство

Пояснения (тип проекта и т.д.):

Livelihood Improvement Project Takhar (LIPT) implemented by Terre des Hommes (Tdh) Switzerland, supported by Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) from 2012-17

3.1 Основные цели и задачи реализации Технологии

• повышение производства
• снижение или предотвращение деградации земель, восстановление нарушенных земель

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

3.3 Дополнительная информация о землепользовании

Обеспеченность водой участков, где реализуется Технология :

• богарные земли

Число урожаев за год:

• 1

3.4 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• Комплексное управление почвенным плодородием
• мероприятия по влагозадержанию и снижению эрозии почв на склонах

3.5 Распределение Технологии по площади

Охарактеризуйте пространственное распространение Технологии :

• равномерно-однородное применение на определенной площади

Если Технология равномерно применяется на той или иной территории, укажите ее приблизительную общую площадь:

• 0,1-1 км2

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

Пояснения:

After establishment activities the area is put on quarantine for one year.

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

3.8 Предотвращение и снижение деградации земель, или восстановление нарушенных земель

Укажите цель Технологии по отношению к деградации земель :

• снижение деградации земель

4.1 Технический рисунок, иллюстрирующий Технологию

4.2 Спецификация / пояснения к техническому рисунку

Hedgerows are vegetative strips, planted as contour barriers. In this case they are composed of the perennial legume alfalfa (sometime called lucerne: Medicago sativa), Using an A-frame, contours are defined and demarcated horizontally across the hillside. The distance between the contours depends on the slope gradient. For moderate slopes above 6%, and hilly slopes below 30%, the distance between the contours is 4-5 meters. Using such contouring measurements, a plot area of 0.2 ha is divided into 8 hedgerows along the slope. Once all the contours are established, the topsoil is levelled using a shovel. On each marked contour a soil ridge is created, some 10-20 cm high. On these ridges alfalfa seeds are sown to form the vegetative hedgerow. This stops soil wash, and prevents most of the rainfall runoff. The area between the grass strips is cropped with wheat. The hedgerows are protected for one year, to allow the alfalfa to become established.

4.3 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

Уточните, как рассчитывались затраты и вложения:

• на площадь, где применяется Технология

Укажите денежные единицы, использованные для подсчета затрат:

• Доллары США

Укажите обменный курс между долларом США и местной валютой (если уместно): 1 доллар США =:

67,0

4.4 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки
1.	Selection of the area for establishing a hedgerow	Управленческие	End of autumn
2.	Design of the hedgerows using an A-frame	Инженерные	End of autumn
3.	Leveling of the land	Агрономические	End of autumn
4.	Alfalfa seed sowing	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	End of winter (February)
5.	Area under protection	Управленческие	For one year

4.5 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Designing of the hedgerow using A-frame	person-day	5,0	9,0	45,0
Оплата труда	Leveling the land	person-day	25,0	5,3	132,5
Оплата труда	Ploughing the land with animal traction	person-day	5,0	5,3	26,5
Оплата труда	Wheat and Alfalfa seed sowing	person-day	10,0	5,3	53,0	100,0
Оборудование	Rake	piece	1,0	5,3	5,3
Оборудование	Shovel	piece	1,0	3,8	3,8
Оборудование	Twine	meter	50,0	2,0	100,0
Оборудование	A-frame	piece	1,0	6,0	6,0
Посадочный материал	Alfalfa seed	Kg	17,5	0,42	7,35
Посадочный материал	Wheat seed	Kg	140,0	0,42	58,8	100,0
Удобрения и ядохимикаты	DAP	Kg	250,0	0,9	225,0
Удобрения и ядохимикаты	Urea	Kg	250,0	0,45	112,5
Удобрения и ядохимикаты	Herbicide	Liter	50,0	0,25	12,5
Общая стоимость запуска Технологии					788,25

Если землепользователем оплачено менее 100% затрат, укажите, кем покрывались остальные затраты:

Livelihood Improvement Program in Takhar (LIPT) implemented by Terre des hommes (Tdh)

Пояснения:

Costs calculated for a Technology area of 1ha was only done for the purpose of the WOCAT documentation. In reality SLM plots are on average 0.2-0.4 ha or 1-2 jiribs. Costs were simply multiplied by 2.5. The actual costs for a 1ha plot might be slightly different.

4.6 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

	Деятельность	Тип мероприятия	Сроки/ повторяемость проведения
1.	Ploughing the land with animal traction (Men)	Агрономические
2.	Wheat sowing	Агрономические
3.	Weeding	Агрономические
4.	Fertilizer application	Агрономические
5.	Repair the damaged section of the hedgerow by adding soil	Инженерные	End of winter (February/March)
6.	Reseeding alfalfa in the repaired section	Мероприятия с использованием растительности	End of winter (February/March)
7.	Wheat and alfalfa harvesting and delivering	Агрономические

Пояснения:

Sowing of alfalfa is done once in 5-10 years. The maintenance activities do not require reseeding of alfalfa every year (only where damaged). Mostly damage to hedgerows occur as a result of heavy rainfall and require maintenance work in early spring.

4.7 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Ploughing the land with animal traction	person day	5,0	5,3	26,5	100,0
Оплата труда	Sowing of wheat	person day	5,0	5,3	26,5	100,0
Оплата труда	Weeding and Fertilizer application	person day	5,0	5,3	26,5	100,0
Оплата труда	Harvesting and delivering wheat and alfalfa	person day	35,0	3,0	105,0	100,0
Оборудование	Sickle	Pcs	1,0	2,25	2,25	100,0
Оборудование	Pitchfork	Pcs	1,0	5,3	5,3	100,0
Посадочный материал	Alfalfa seed	kg	1,0	0,42	0,42	100,0
Посадочный материал	Wheat seed	kg	140,0	0,42	58,8	100,0
Удобрения и ядохимикаты	DAP	Kg	250,0	0,9	225,0	100,0
Удобрения и ядохимикаты	Urea	Kg	250,0	0,45	112,5	100,0
Общая стоимость поддержания Технологии					588,77

Если землепользователем оплачено менее 100% затрат, укажите, кем покрывались остальные затраты:

Livelihood Improvement Program in Takhar (LIPT) implemented by Terre des hommes (Tdh)

Пояснения:

Costs calculated for a Technology area of 1ha was only done for the purpose of the WOCAT documentation. In reality SLM plots are on average 0.2-0.4 ha or 1-2 jiribs. Costs were simply multiplied by 2.5. The actual costs for a 1ha plot might be slightly different.

4.8 Наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат

Опишите наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат:

Due to the remoteness of the villages where the Technology has been implemented, all the inputs for establishment, such as plant material, fertilizers and agricultural tools are purchased in Rustaq town. The expenses for traveling and delivering the inputs affect the establishment costs.

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Комментарии и дополнительные сведения по условиям рельефа/ топографии :

-SLM implementers information provided in the Land User Protocol (LUP) during an FGD
-Elevation and slope statistics derived for terraced plots from ASTGTM. ASTGTM is the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V002 with a 30 m spatial resolution. More information on ASTGTM is available here: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/node/1079. The data can be downloaded here: https://gdex.cr.usgs.gov/gdex/

5.3 Почвы

Если возможно, приложите полное описание почв или укажите доступную информацию, например тип почв, рH/ кислотность почв, ёмкость катионного обмена, содержание азота, содержание солей и т.д.

Hedgerows are implemented on light soil - a locally defined category for soil types. Light soil corresponds to moderately deep soil; medium topsoil texture; medium below surface texture and low topsoil organic matter.

5.4 Доступность и качество воды

Является ли солёность воды проблемой?

Нет

Происходят ли периодические затопления территории?

Да

Регулярность:

эпизодически

Комментарии и дополнительная информация по качеству и количеству воды:

Floods occur mainly during the rainy seasons in spring and autumn. Availability of surface water differs for the two study villages Sari Joy and Jawaz Khana. Sari Joy has relatively good surface water availability, also for drinking. Jawaz Khana has poor water both in quality and availability. Water has to be fetched from a lower lying stream.

5.5 Биоразнообразие

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

Укажите другие важные характеристики землепользователей:

The land users in the area where the Technology is applied belong to the Uzbek ethnic minority group Qarluq. Although the men are generally the main land users, however, women and children also take active part in the related work. The functions of men and women are clearly distinguished within the Afghan society. At the same time within the family this division of work and functions also results in men and women working hand-in-hand. An improvement of the family’s livelihood situation is expected to positively affect all family members. While, it is recognized that the involvement of women is key in order to secure basic human rights for everyone, to achieve good governance, sustainable development, and to efficiently contribute to poverty reduction (SDC 2004), it is also clear that a context sensitive approach is of great importance.
Women in rural Afghanistan are involved in many production and income generating activities that contribute to the overall household income, however, very few women own resources such as land and livestock, and their income generating options are fewer in comparison to that of men.

5.7 Средний размер земельных участков, арендуемых или находящихся в собственности землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

Землевладелец:

• индивидуальная, не оформленная в собственность

Право землепользования:

• индивидуальное

Право водопользования:

• общинное (контролируемое)

Пояснения:

Those who own a land and use water for irrigation are obliged to pay for water. The payment is made either in kind or in cash to Mirob - the person in charge of distributing water in the community. The amount of the payment varies from village to village.

6.1 Влияние Технологии УЗП в пределах территории ее применения

Социально-экономическое воздействие

Продуктивность

Социальное и культурное воздействие

Экологическое воздействие

Водный цикл/ поверхностный сток

Почвы

Биоразнообразие: растительность, животный мир

6.2 Влияние Технологии за пределами территории ее применения

Коммментарий по оценке влияния:

Based on the Land User Protocols: SLM implementers were asked to rate the benefits from hedgerows individually. They were asked to indicate production increase of crops; fodder; animals; wood; non-wood forest products; increase in product diversity; or production area. The most important increase they rated with 3, the second most with 2, others with 1 point. Averages of the points given by all hedgerow implementers are reflected here.
Based on the Land User Protocols: Individual SLM implementers were asked to rate the on-site and off-site impacts of the Technology on water; soil; and vegetation. They were asked to indicate the strength of impacts with three, two or one points. Averages of the points given by all implementers are reflected here.

6.3 Подверженность и чувствительность Технологии УЗП к постепенным изменениям климата и экстремальным погодным явлениям/ стихийным бедствиям, связанным с изменением климата (в понимании землепользователей)

Экстремальные явления, связанные с изменением климата (стихийные бедствия)

Погодные стихийные бедствия

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
местные ливневые дожди	очень хорошо

Стихийные бедствия климатического характера

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
засухи	хорошо

Пояснения:

Based on the multi-criteria matrix: SLM implementers were asked to jointly discuss and rate how much the SLM technology reduced the lands vulnerability to drought and local rainstorms. Only vulnerability to the most prevalent climate extremes (drought and local rainstorms) was discussed. SLM technologies were rated as reducing vulnerability poorly, well, or very well. The average points reflected here are from multi-criteria matrixes compiled in three villages where the SLM technology had been implemented.

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с первоначальными вложениями (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Пояснения:

SLM implementers from three villages were asked to jointly discuss and rate the SLM technologies short term (1-3 years) and long-term (10 years) return. As most of the technologies have only been implemented 1-2 years ago, it is too early to compare benefits to maintenance costs. Farmers have little experience so far on the actual benefits of the SLM technologies. The ratings are mostly based on expected benefits and not on actual benefits.

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

• отдельные случаи/ эксперимент

Если возможно, дайте количественную характеристику (число домохозяйств и/или площадь применения):

16.4 ha

Пояснения:

Based on the Land User Protocol: Individual SLM implementers were asked whether they received support for implementing the Technology. Each indicated the type of support he received from the proposed options: "Full Support 100%, Some Support, No Support 0%".

6.6 Адаптация

Была ли Технология УЗП изменена в недавнее время с целью адаптации к меняющимся условиям среды?

Нет

6.7 Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности Технологии

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей
The contour alfalfa strips preserve moisture and makes the land less vulnerable to dry spells. Longer moisture retention also helps the crop to grow better.
Production of livestock fodder such as alfalfa has been improved as observed by the land users. The hedgerow protects the soil from heavy rainfall, which would wash off the topsoil otherwise.
The establishment and maintenance activities are well compatible with the daily work of the land user compared to other more demanding field work.
Alfalfa can be grown without reseeding for up to 5 years and there is no need to buy alfalfa seeds every year.
Hedgerows are considered as the least labour-intensive technology for women and does not impact their daily household activities.

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
The establishment of hedgerows is not very technically demanding and does not require great technical knowledge

6.8 Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски Технологии и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
The costs of establishment are high for the land user, including the labour and material inputs
The alfalfa strips need to be reseeded in 5-10 years and the land user may not have the seeds and has to buy them himself

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Hedgerows are among least popular practices among the land users and the adoption rates have been very low. The reasons behind might be the high establishments costs.

7.1 Методы сбора/ источники информации

7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Guidelines for Focus Groups Discussions

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Methods section of the Rustaq NRM study