Short description of the best practice

The failure of the rehabilitation practices mostly due to lack of people participation and attention of people benefit, mainly economic benefit. Therefore for the future success of rehabilitation need a people independency through Integrated Farming Agrosylvopasture with embung (small reservoir) and closed pipe irrigation.
Agrosylvopasture "Pagar Tejo" system has the following characteristics:
– Multi rows of legume trees for fodder, mixed with livestocks and food crops, grasses and oyher economic crops, East-West direction regardless of slopes.
– Capability to maximize the natural synergetic relation of soil-plant-livestock-atmosphere
– Flexibility to adopt modern agriculture technology
– Flexibility to accomodate various agricultural institutions
– Compatible for establishing agribusiness and agro industry
– Compatible for restoring/rehabilitation degraded land and  preventing land degradation
– Effectivity to increase farmers income
- Fit for mitigation and adaptation to global climate change and possible carbon trade or carbon sequestration service.|

Location

West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, East Java and Lampung|

If the location has well defined boundaries, specify its extension in hectares:

4500.0

Estimated population living in the location:

17000.0

Brief description of the natural environment within the specified location.

Thin layer of top soil, low soil fertility.|
Dry subhumid tropic.
Undulating to rolling.

Prevailing socio-economic conditions of those living in the location and/or nearby

Before the practicing of the best practices the income of farmers is very low (75-500 US$/year). The income after the implementation of the practices increasing as follow: Income from crop production (105 US$/year), livestocks reproduction (1000 US$/year), livestocks fattening (1200 US$/year), additional income from fuelwood (1800 US$/3 years) and timber (10000 US$/4-5 years). Total income 4905-5405 US$/year. Possible other income sources: Biofuel and compost.
Mostly private and communal land at about 0.5 ha in average, some in production forest land in collaboration with government and companies.|
Crop production (grains and tubers), livestock, fuelwood and timber.|

On the basis of which criteria and/or indicator(s) (not related to The Strategy) the proposed practice and corresponding technology has been considered as 'best'?

- Flexibility to adopt modern agriculture technology
- Capability to maximize the natural synergetic relation of soil-plant-livestock-atmosphere
- Compatible for restoring/rehabilitation degraded land and  preventing land degradation
- Effectivity to increase farmers income
- Fit for mitigation and adaptation to global climate change and possible carbon trade or carbon sequestration service.

Main problems addressed by the best practice

Low family income, poor farmers (selling of the following product: corn, upland rice, string bean, chili, tomatoes, tubers, grasses, timber, fuelwood, livestocks will increase income).|Lack of food, malnutrition diseases (availability of food and nutrition from the products will increase the nutrition).|Poor environment condition (the following cover crops, hedgerows and grasses: Gmelina, Albazia, "Jabon", "Mindi" Sesbania, Gliricidia, Flemingia, Leucaena, etc will improve land cover, soil organic matters and hence increase soil biodiversity, soil porosity, soil structure and soil infiltration capacity.|Severe erosion (the following cover crops and hedgerows: Sesbania, Gliricidia, Flemingia, Leucaena, Etc will improve land cover and hence decrease substantial soil  erosion).|Cutting tress in a sequence will always keep some carbon remaining in the soil, mitigate to global warming.|Potential use of manure biogas and fuelwood will provide sustainable renewable sources of energy.

Outline specific land degradation problems addressed by the best practice

1. Poor environment condition (eroded soil, waste land, bare land, critical dryland)
2. Severe erosion

Specify the objectives of the best practice

Suitable for degraded – severely degraded land. |Effective for restoration of degraded environment.|Increase farmers income.|Important for food security programme.

Brief description of main activities, by objective

Mix farming (food crops, vegetables and livestock)
|Adapted marketable crop, livestock, fuelwood and timber selection
Integrated farming, multiple cropping (flexible combination among trees, hedgerows, grasses, grains, tubers and other economic crops, livestock)
|Embung (small reservoir) development
Adapted and valuable food crop selection
|Community extension and training
Integrated farming, multiple cropping |Embung (small reservoir) development

Short description and technical specifications of the technology

Technology for Agrosilvo pasture:
- Use local input (species) Gmelina, Albazia, "Jabon", "Mindi", Sesbania, Gliricidia, Flemingia, Leucaena, etc
- Use local knowledge and practices
- Suitable to local socio culture
- Livestock as economic component.
- Could be run as a business modern, profitable and sustainable.
Technology for embung development plus closed irrigation (pipe irrigation):
- Embung is small farm reservoir
- Suitable in elevated or depressed areas (valleys)
- Suitable when rainfall more than 800 – 1500 mm/year
- Need at least 0.2 – 0.5 hectare of terrace rice catchment or 0.6 – 1.0 hectare of grassland catchment
- Closed irrigation is a pipe irrigation, non flooded irrigation, best suited for dryland, save water.
Technology for integrated farming:
- Combination of food crop, hedgerows, grasses, timber and livestock.
- Planted East-West direction regardless of slopes direction.|
Crops and trees is planted East-West direction regardless of slope direction. Contour is planted with grasses or other short hedgerows to allow sunlight penetration to all spaces available between rows. This arrangement will not only serve for soil and water conservation but also increase the productivity of the land. Planting trees based on terrace concept is good for conserving the environment but not for getting the highest potential economic that can be obtained through crop production of the land.

Name and address of the institution developing the technology

Soils Departement, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram|Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara|Centre for Dryland, University of Mataram|Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara

Was the technology developed in partnership?

No

Specify the framework within which the technology was promoted

• Local initiative
• National initiative – non-government-led
• Programme/project-based initiative

Was the participation of local stakeholders, including CSOs, fostered in the development of the technology?

Yes

List local stakeholders involved:

Local Government Forestry Office|Craken Foundation|APDI (Association for Meat Vendor Indonesia)|Regional Planning and Development Board|Other districts in other provinces

For the stakeholders listed above, specify their role in the design, introduction, use and maintenance of the technology, if any.

Mostly Project based initiatives, sometimes can not be done and implemented as it is recommended by "Pagar Tejo" system (due to bureaucratic rules). Most governmental program is temporal. Program funded by UN-WFP, after three years program the system is intact, involving more than 1000 household. The "Pagar Tejo" system is now has been improved with introduction of social and institution designs on its implementation. With this latest development, a sustainable integrated farming production system is achieved. |

Was the population living in the location and/or nearby involved in the development of the technology?

Yes

By means of what?

• Consultation
• Participatory approaches

Describe on-site impacts (the major two impacts by category)

Production of foods, animal fodder, and livestock is guaranteed. Agriculture production is not limited only to rainy seasons, agricultural productions is more various and multiplied. Timber and fuelwood are abundant. Manure is abundant and potential for biogas and compost.|
Income source is various: from selling food crops, green fodder, firewood, and timber. People purchasing power increases, spending capacity increases, various jobs and entrepreneurship activities develope.|
Institutional Level:
Development of farmer groups is unabated. Cultural and institutional designs added to this technological design, makes collaborative work among the farmers necessary. This strengthens the existence and bargaining powers of the farmers. |
More carbon is saved into soil, agriculture is more adapted to changing world climate.|
Agriculture production is not limited only during rainy seasons but extended to whole year. Consequently with the job availability, many people can get jobs. Agriculture activity is exteremely increased.|
Culture is changing: people work around times, planting, harvesting, grassing, pruning, cutting, and tending the livestock; as compared to 5-6 months work out of 12 months before the implementation of this LAYLIFE technology.|
Land is covered by crops, grasses, hedgerows and trees for whole year. Land, water and air is conserved. Erosion is faded. Micro climate is improved to better condition. Humidity is maintained at comfortable levels.|
Specific empowerment activities develope by Craken Foundation (with regards to LAYLIFE technology) could translate a donated program becomes a sustainable empowerment self funding with continues economic development.

Describe the major two off-site (i.e. not occurring in the location but in the surrounding areas) impacts

People in many villages in West Nusa Tenggara province and other provinces in Indonesia wants to have a LAYLIFE empowerment model that has been done by Craken Foundation
Many rich people have established its own LAYLIFE in their land. This   activity will bring about jobs and incomes to many people (mostly poor farmers and landless farmers) since this technology requires labor forces.

Impact on biodiversity and climate change

Explain the reasons:

The eroded land, degraded land, waste land, critical dryland, monoculture food crops agricultural land are mostly poor with trees and lacks for land cover. LAYLIFE implementation translate the bare land into well covered land mostly with the hedgerows and timber as well as grasses and horticultural trees as the main source for livestock food in this technology. The growth of trees, grasses, hedgerows, and other fruit trees that always greening the land is a sign of improved carbon sequestration on the land, in the forms of above dan below ground biomass. Composting the manure through biogas production for household energy will convert more carbon into CO2, and returning the compost to the land will fertile the soil and increases the level of organic carbon in the soil, thus improves more carbon sequestration into the soil |
The growth of various crops, green fodder, and trees will conserve the water and topsoil losses, therefore more water availability and soil productivity. More trees and land cover will improve better micro climate, less hot, and more humidity. Reduce the strength of the wind and protect food crops from excessive sunlight exposure. This will provide a better guarantee for crop harvest. More complex agricultural system will usually improve the resilience of food crops to harsh climate. Thus provide better food crop adaptability to climate change.|
In LAYLIFE, Land covered by various food crops, tubers, grasses, hedgerows, timber, horticultural trees, and many other plants, as compared to land mostly use only for grains production in monoculture agriculture, show the significant increase in biodiversity. Different crops will attract diversity in insects and other organism above and below ground, making ecological revival and returning the more complex ecological agricultural system. Improved water availability, humidity, and micro climate will also trigger to more flora lives and consequently the herbivore and other fauna. Returning the manure or compost to the land will fertilize the soil, improved the organic matter contain of the soil that are the main source of energy and food for soil organism.|

Has a cost-benefit analysis been carried out?

Has a cost-benefit analysis been carried out?

No

Was the technology disseminated/introduced to other locations?

Was the technology disseminated/introduced to other locations?

Yes

Where?

Lombok Islands|Sumbawa Islands|East Java|Lampung|West Java|East Nusa Tenggara

Were incentives to facilitate the take up of the technology provided?

Were incentives to facilitate the take up of the technology provided?

Yes

Specify which type of incentives:

• Policy or regulatory incentives (for example, related to market requirements and regulations, import/export, foreign investment, research & development support, etc)
• Financial incentives (for example, preferential rates, State aid, subsidies, cash grants, loan guarantees, etc)

Can you identify the three main conditions that led to the success of the presented best practice/technology?

Simplicity and flexibility in adoption of this technology make everyone can implement this "Pagar Tejo" technology easily and starts it its own LAYLIFE. For the poor the sign of improved livelihood can be enjoyed during the first six months in program. For Indonesia situation, 1000 US$ can transfer the poor into the prosper household within 1,5-2 year program.|
Keen strugle from the founder of LAYLIFE and the Craken Foundation members that this technology can change the world. This technology is replicable elsewhere in Indonesia and most region in the tropical belt with some level of adaptation. In wetter region, caring for livestocks tending should be given priority due to deseases attacks. |
Huge economic benefit from the implementation of LAYLIFE has trigger the willingness of many people to develop one in their land.

Replicability

In your opinion, the best practice/technology you have proposed can be replicated, although with some level of adaptation, elsewhere?

Yes

At which level?

• Local
• Sub-national
• National
• Subregional
• Regional
• International

Related to human resources

Best implementation of this technology should be initiated with a short empowerment program, and continued with self financed empowerment by members.
|Start with people/farmers who are most ready to change their poor life to prosperity.|Start with people who own land at least 0.10 ha, the larger land the better.

Related to financial aspects

Involve rich people to the program in case that investation is limited.
|One time Cash Grant with empowerment is adequate to initiate economic development that never ended.|Combination of grant and credits will be best suited for self relience.

Related to technical aspects

Can be implemented in many climate region from about subhumid tropic to wetland all around the world, as long as green fodder and timber can be produced and livestocks can be raised.
|Easily adapted using crops, trees, plants, and livestocks of local species.