1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is collected during the monsoon floods, attached to poles on the flooded fields, chopped when the water recedes and used as mulch to plant different crops.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

This mulching technique is used at the riverside of the Tonle Sap River. The area is flooded during the late rainy season (September to November), and alluvial mud is deposed on the fields, which enhances the soil fertility. The deposition of sediments depends on the extent of the yearly flood, and is threatened by the construction of hydropower dams on the upper Mekong River (Thomas et al. 2012:49), as well as climate change (floods tend to be smaller or more extreme). During the dry season (approximately from January to June, depending on precipitation patterns) the land dries and due to high temperatures and very low precipitations, crops can be harmed.

At first, the farmer gathers the water hyacinth with his boat during the wet season. He surrounds them with a net and pulls them to his fields, where he prepares fences with bamboo poles and iron wires. He fills the fenced area with the water hyacinth. Once the water recedes, he sprays glyphosate on the water hyacinths and chops them by using a hand tractor. He plants his first crop, watermelon, as soon as the soil is dry enough (start of dry season). The crop residues of the watermelon are left on the fields, and he can plant a crop of corn and a crop of cucumber before the next flood enters.

The analyzed area is flat (slope < 2%), tropic (dry and wet season), and the soils are mostly loamy. The groundwater table is rather high with 1-2 m during the dry season (November to May). The area is flooded during and after the wet season (August-September to November). The floods bring sludge and thus nutrients to the fields.
Due to climate change, the rainfalls are more erratic, temperatures rise and droughts are more recurrent. Chili is the cash crop predominantly grown in the flooded area, with floating rice as second crop.

Agricultural activity in this region is confronted with high migration rates (garment industry, cities, or other countries). This is detrimental for the farmers, since there is less labour force available. Also, the presented technology requires a rather high initial investment (especially when a tractor is bought) and an increase of physically strenuous labour. Therefore, the interviewed land user stated that most farmers are reluctant to do high investments on their farm. This is aggravated due to the fact that taking up credits might increase the dependency of the farmer.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

2010 through SOFDEC

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Regular flooding, use of pesticides, low soil organic matter, monocultures.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Pumping machines and tubes to irrigate are not easily available. High irrigation need as the soil organic matter content is low.

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• mixed rainfed-irrigated

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• improved ground/ vegetation cover

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, minimum tillage

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Soil is left bare (not covered) in other cultivations), education, access to knowledge and support services (People don’t know about cover crops, or are afraid of the initial costs of machinery)
Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Only annuals are planted, soil is otherwise left bare. But many perennials cannot grow because of the yearly floods), change in temperature (Climate change causes higher evaporation because of higher temperatures.), labour availability (Innovations are becoming more risky as labour availability is decreasing)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Equipment	tools	ha	1.0	130.0	130.0	100.0
Equipment	boat	ha	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
Equipment	hand tractor	ha	1.0	1500.0	1500.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	biocides	ha	1.0	4.5	4.5	100.0
Construction material	wires and bamboo poles	ha	1.0	30.0	30.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					2664.5
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					2664.5

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Collecting water hyacinth and put poles	During the floods each year (Oct-Nov)
2.	Spraying herbicide on the water hyacinth	After floods
3.	Chopping the sprayed water hyacinth with the hand tractor	After spraying herbicide

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	labour	ha	1.0	35.0	35.0	100.0
Equipment	machine use	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					45.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					45.0

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: Hand tractor with a chopper
The costs were calculated per ha, in 2014. There is only one farmer (2 ha) next to the Tonle Sap applying this technology.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The factor affecting the costs the most is the availability of cheap equipment. For the recurrent activities the labour costs were calculated as if he hired someone, but he does all by himself. The work is strenuous, as he has to walk in water and trough the water hyacinths.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Ground water table: during wet season
Availability of surface water: during wet season

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: The labor is strenuous and is therefore mainly done by males. However, the interviewed land user is so far the only one applying this technology in the area.
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
Off-farm income specification: Wife owns a little coffee shop.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• communal/ village
• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• leased
• individual

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

Comments:

Many land users have a land title that is not recognized by the state.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	well
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	well

Comments:

The mulch would be carried away in case of extreme floods, but the technology is dependent on the yearly flood

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

A hand tractor could be rented instead of bought

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Comments:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
The land user received the money from banks, micro-finance institutes and NGOs. Farmers are afraid of the investment costs. Farmers are afraid of the investment costs and the increased workload.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
It is easy to keep the water hyacinth on the fields after the floods
The soil keeps the water, less loss due to evaporation. He uses less water for irrigation
The plants grow better and have higher yields

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
The soil is covered, so it needs less irrigation.
The land user needs less fertilizer as the soil fertility, biological activity and carbon content is higher.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
The profit is not in relation to the work.	Plant more profitable cash crops; share the machines with other farmers.
The soil is too wet after the floods because the mulch stops the evaporation.	Grow a water loving plant as first cash crop.
Only physically strong people can do the work.	Build simplified water hyacinth harvesting structures.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Herbicides are used in an aquatic environment.	Find a chopping device that is sufficient to kill the water hyacinth on its own.
The initial investments are high.	Tractor bank could be implemented (share the cost of the machines amongst members.)

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Thomas, T.S., Ponlok, T., Bansok, R., et al. 2012. Cambodian Agriculture: Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts. A Report for USAID.

Available from where? Costs?

cgiar.org; free