1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, Tajikistan (WB / PPCR)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CAMP - Central Asian Mountain Partnership (CAMP - Central Asian Mountain Partnership) - Kyrgyzstan

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

A brick stove that is built into the existing internal wall, that will heat the two rooms and can be used for cooking.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The 2-room stove is a brick based structure that filters hot air into a second room, hence maximising the heating potential of the fuel. The basic stove is built of fire bricks, house bricks, cement and coated with a natural mix of straw and mud. It is a traditional concept based upon former soviet stoves, that was modernised and adapted to improve the energy efficiency, and make use of the materials that are available to the people. It is able to burn coal, wood, and tapac, and is designed to reduce the amount of natural resources used to meet the household energy needs.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of the 2-room stove is to replace the traditional cast iron pig style of stove, with a more modern and energy efficient stove that can be used effectively for cooking and the heating of two rooms. The 2-room stove is designed to filter the hot air between the rooms and the use the bricks as a thermal sink for heat retention. As most of the houses are made of mud bricks, the heat from the stove will conduct through the walls, which will act as radiators to emit warmth into the room. The 2-room stove also means that cooking activities can be conducted inside the house in a smoke free environment.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The stove requires basic training in construction by a skilled technician, however after a three day training course the local trades people are able to build their own stoves with limited supervision. The stove is constructed from 45 fire bricks and 400 household bricks, the hot plate and stove doors are bought second hand from the markets, and metal bars are used to reinforce the structure. There are two smoke vents in the wall between the two rooms to allow the smoke to filter its way along the snake like chimney until it vents through the roof. The final structure is coated in straw and mud which acts as an insulation layer.

Natural / human environment: There is a high reliance on natural resources in Shahtuti Bolo. The average family burns several tons of tapac (straw dung mix) and wood each year. The surrounding mountain area is sparsely vegetated and does not even provide enough fuel for the village during the harsh winter months. This is supplemented by buying wood from the neighbouring villages. One tapac weighs one kilo, this is organic matter that can no longer be used for soil enhancement, but for fuel purposes. It is estimated that the 2-room stove will reduce the amount of fuel burnt by 20-40% depending upon the household.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

The two room stove is modernisation of a traditional design, therefore the concept is not new to the people.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce energy

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The over exploitation of natural resources that have lead to soil erosion and degradation of the soil structure.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The land has become increasingly unproductive over the last few decades. There is not enough pasture to feed our animals.

Constraints of settlement / urban

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• energy efficiency technologies

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Et: loss of topsoil, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Failure to use organic fertilisers), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Removal of natural resources to meet local energy needs.), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (as above), overgrazing (Areas became over grazed as productivity declined), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (removal of vegetation leads to increased run off from the mountain slopes.), poverty / wealth (There is a lack of money for investment), labour availability (Two thirds of the households in the village have people working abroad.), war and conflicts (There has been substantial political unrest in the area.)

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (There is a perception that there are more extreme rainfall events.), population pressure (Popualtion in the area is increasing), education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of knowledge on good land management.)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology unit

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• USD

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Construction of stove	any
2.	None	None

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Construction of stove	Persons/day	6.0	5.333333	32.0	100.0
Equipment	Tools	pieces	5.0	4.0	20.0
Construction material	Bricks	bricks	400.0	0.225	90.0
Construction material	Fire bricks	bricks	45.0	1.4	63.0
Construction material	Metal bar	bars	5.0	3.4	17.0
Construction material	Fire cement	cub m	3.0	8.333333	25.0
Construction material	Ceramic tiles	tiles	24.0	1.0	24.0
Construction material	Metal cooking plates	plates	1.0	63.0	63.0
Construction material	Stove doors	doors	2.0	22.5	45.0
Other	Transports	vans	1.0	50.0	50.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					429.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					429.0

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Cleaning the stove	annually

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Cleaning the stove	Persons/day	1.0	4.0	4.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					4.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					4.0

Comments:

The costs are based upon 2011 prices and are based on constructing only one stove.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The main cost is the fire bricks. These have to be transported from the capital. However, in some regions of Tajikistan, materials are available from stoves that were constructed several decades ago which could be reused.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is low - medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor

Soil water storage capacity is low-medium

5.4 Water availability and quality

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Availability of surface water: is good for the village because there is a stream and medium for other areas which have access to te stream.

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly disadvantaged land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Training is provided on he construction of the stove. This is only attended by men.

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

80% of the land users are poor and own 95% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: 44 out of the 58 households are reliant on remittances from Russia, however all the families have livestock which they buy and sell in the local markets and a small household plot for vegetables.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)

Comments:

Four people have the majority of the land user rights in a village of 58.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Other socio-economic impacts

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	well
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	well

Comments:

The stove is able to take other fuel sources in the event that natural resources are not available.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

There is a high initial outlay in the building materials and labour costs, but once the two room stove is constructed it only requires annual cleaning which can be done via hatches already included in the design.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

10 households in an area of 0.1 - 1 km2 (ca. 596 habitants)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: All land users given support have constructed a stove. The project will build a further 11 stoves in the local district for the most vulnerable families.

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: To early in the project to say, but several memebers of the community are trained to build the stove.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
It keep the house warm and for longer. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Thermal insulation techniques and energy efficiency training may support reduced fuel use.
I do not have to cook outside in the winter months.
It is easy to clean.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
It improved the household heating system dramatically, as the previous cast iron stove does not retain the heat after the fire dies. How can they be sustained / enhanced? The room could be insulated using traditional techniques or modern materials that are starting to appear on the market.
The brick design will retain the heat for several hours and will heat two rooms. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Doors and windows in the rooms could be sealed to prevent drafts.
The stove will last for 25yrs with minimal maintenance. How can they be sustained / enhanced? If the stove became popular a small brick making factory could be established.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
It is expensive, and I need an expert to help me.	Remittances could be used to fund the initial set up costs.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
There is a high initial investment that has required project funding.	Collective building of the stoves will reduce the cost. Micro-finance loans could be made available to help cover the initial costs.
The stove requires technical training in its construction.	A booklet could be produced to support self building of the stoves.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information