1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Bureau of Soils and Water Management (Bureau of Soils and Water Management) - Philippines

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Forest Management Bureau (Forest Management Bureau) - Philippines

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Growing of rattan is done by upland farmers as part of the Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM).

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Littuko (Calamus manilensis) is a large rattan variety belonging to the climbing-palm family Arecaceae which is commonly found in the Cordillera, Caraballo, and Sierra Madre mountain ranges. It matures in seven years and bears 50 to 70 kilos of fruits each year. Its fruits are sweetish sour when ripe and are gathered around April to September.

Purpose of the Technology: The littuko provides green cover to the trees even in the dry months and in case of wildfire,they reinforce the forest's capacity to serve as firebreaks or greenbreaks. It also attract a lot of wildlife ranging from insects (bees, fire flies, and beetles) to birds, bats, and cloud rats. Forests with littuko become equipped with natural guards since the littuko's spines with sturdy thorns discourage people and stray animals to freely enter the forest area and disturb the ecosystem.Conservation of trees is also promoted on this technology.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: For the cultivation of littuko, the following procedures are done: (1) Before planting into a seedbed or polyethylene bags (plastic planting bag), the hilar cover of the littuko seed is gently scraped with the use of a sharp knife. Removing the hilar cover enables the tiny plant to easily break out of the seed. (2) The sprout is transplanted to the designated area under the host tree when it reaches six inches in height and with at least three leaves. The chosen host tree is where the littuko can cling on for support to prevent lodging or breakage of stems. (3) Within one to three years, ring weeding is done around the littuko plant. (4) Maintenance and inputs are needed after three years to ensure its growth.

Natural / human environment: Littuko grows underneath of growing trees in the natural forest. They grow best in rainforests and no cultivation is needed.The area is under a humid agro climate with an average annual rainfall of 2000-3000 mm per year. Land users have an average holding of 0.5-1 hectare for the forestlands or woodlands.Most of them are stewards of the forest through the Community Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA) for 25 years and renewable for another 25 years.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation

Comments (type of project, etc.):

In 1984, 100 littuko seeds were planted by the land users and 70% are male plants.

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Logging, charcoal making and grazing since it was initially a grassland

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Plantation forestry: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.), nature conservation / protection

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fo: Other

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Longest growing period from month to month: perennial

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• natural and semi-natural forest management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Specification of other vegetative measures: Involve the use of vines

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Cutting of trees), land tenure (Insecurity (open access))

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (More on annual crops), overgrazing (Cattle raising), change in temperature, droughts, population pressure (Increase of population that leads to the increase of cutting of trees.)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Pesos

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

45.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Nursery establishment through seed bed	Before the onset of rainy seasons
2.	Transplanting	After 8-12 months of seeding

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour for nursery	Person/day	1.0	3.3333	3.33	100.0
Labour	Transplanting	Person/day	1.0	3.3333	3.33	1000.0
Plant material	Seedling	Seeds	1000.0	0.22222	222.22	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					228.88
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					5.09

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Weeding	Once a week for 2 years (maybe done once a month)
2.	Harvesting	After 5-8 years of planting

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Weeding	Person/day	2.0	3.333	6.67	100.0
Labour	Harvesting	Person/day	4.0	3.333	13.33	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					20.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					0.44

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 75% of the land.
25% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

Comments:

CBFM Agreement, Certificate of Stewardship Contract of 10-25 years

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Other socio-economic impacts

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

Other ecological impacts

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	not well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not known

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• > 50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

200 households and 70 percent of land

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

200 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Land users are adopting the technology since littuko seedlings nursery are established for the propagation of planting of rattan in the village and its neighboring area.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Littuko vine is multi-purpose. Its fruits are used for food consumption while its poles are used as handicrafts/furniture. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Provision of technical assistance in the development of product using rattan as the raw material.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Littuko fruit is not perishable. It could be stored for a period of time under normal conditions. This could be used as condiments and ornaments. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Providing assistance in processing the littuko fruits such as creating jams, candies and others using the fruit. In this way, the marketability and market value of the product will be increased.
Low maintenance as a crop. Contributory to trees and it helps in the reduction of soil erosion.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Difficult to harvest since the host tree is tall.It does not grow in open areas and does not stand alone.	Development of a tool that could be used in harvesting the fruit and planting of trees as pole stand to avoid lodging or breakage of littuko vine.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information