Technologies

Alley cropping with nut trees [Netherlands]

Alley cropping with nut trees

technologies_7094 - Netherlands

Completeness: 88%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Gil Picon Carlos

Stichting Joint Implementation Network

Netherlands

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Land Use Based Mitigation for Resilient Climate Pathways (LANDMARC)
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
JIN Climate and Sustainability (JIN-NGO) - Netherlands

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

An agroforestry system consisting of rows of walnut and hazelnut trees combined with grassland and flowers was applied in place of a former conventional monoculture system in Alphen, Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

This agroforestry technology is applied on an organic farm located in the province of Noord-Brabant, Netherlands. Owned by a local farmer, the farm covers a total of 7.8 hectares. In 2018, this land was allocated for the Farm Life project, transforming it into agroforestry system. The farm integrates natural and agricultural elements, creating a sustainable environment where trees (chestnuts), crops, and pasture co-exist.
The agroforestry system on this farm is utilized for multiple purposes, including chestnut tree cultivation, agriculture, horticulture, and pasture. This diverse planting strategy allows the farmer to mix crop production with tree cultivation, where each component supports soil health and ecological balance. Chestnut trees, for example, are grown alongside mainly grasses, introducing perennial elements to the farm and diversifying the landscape.
Agroforestry merges natural ecosystems with agriculture, creating a system where nature actively enhances farm productivity. It allows farmers to move beyond monoculture farming by incorporating trees and shrubs into crop systems, promoting biodiversity as an essential part of farming. For example, integrating chestnut trees into these systems improves soil health, reduces erosion (as these are mainly sandy soils), and strengthens the farm’s resilience to environmental stress. This approach also creates income from products like chestnuts, which supports sustainable food production—a primary motivation for the farmer.
This agroforestry system, while beneficial, faces challenges in implementation and scaling-up. For example, perennial food crops are not yet commonly integrated into modern agroforestry systems, which limits their full potential. Establishing a guide on cultivation practices and securing better funding would be key steps to upscaling agroforestry production and making it more accessible. Additionally, adequate resources and guidance on plant selection, tree management, and harvesting methods would make it easier for farmers to adopt and sustain these practices.
Specifically to this agroforestry, compared to traditional fruit trees like apples and pears, chestnut trees require less intensive management—reducing labor as they naturally drop fruit and need less pruning. They also enhance biodiversity and can be financially beneficial. As a perennial carbohydrate source, chestnuts offer a sustainable, low-maintenance crop option that aligns with modern food production goals. Additionally, they can help revitalize traditional orchard landscapes and accelerate returns from forest areas through nut production, contributing to long-term ecological and economic benefits.
While agroforestry offers many environmental benefits, land users face several challenges. Initial investments in tree planting, maintenance, and management can be costly, and limited access to financial support often discourages smallholder farmers from adopting these practices. Some farmers also find the high diversity of species in agroforestry systems to be complex and challenging for achieving consistent product yields. There are also limitations in technology suited for small-scale agroforestry, such as a shortage of plant materials (e.g., seedlings) and limited guidance on establishing and maintaining agroforestry systems. On the positive side, farmers appreciate agroforestry’s contributions to a sustainable environment. The increased organic matter and diversity, improve soil health and crop productivity, and build resilience against environmental stressors, which makes agroforestry an option for long-term land management.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Netherlands

Region/ State/ Province:

Noord-Brabant

Further specification of location:

Alphen

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, specify area covered (in km2):

0.078

Is/are the technology site(s) located in a permanently protected area?

No

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through land users' innovation

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • conserve ecosystem
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
  • mitigate climate change and its impacts

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):
  • Agroforestry

Cropland

Cropland

  • Tree and shrub cropping
Tree and shrub cropping - Specify crops:
  • tree nuts (brazil nuts, pistachio, walnuts, almonds, etc.)
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Is intercropping practiced?

Yes

Is crop rotation practiced?

No

Grazing land

Grazing land

Animal type:
  • cattle - dairy
Products and services:
  • milk
Other

Other

Specify:

flowers

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?
  • Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)
Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
  • root/tuber crops - potatoes
Is intercropping practiced?

No

Is crop rotation practiced?

No

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • agroforestry

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

vegetative measures

vegetative measures

  • V1: Tree and shrub cover
  • V2: Grasses and perennial herbaceous plants
management measures

management measures

  • M1: Change of land use type

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
biological degradation

biological degradation

  • Bh: loss of habitats
  • Bp: increase of pests/ diseases, loss of predators
water degradation

water degradation

  • Hq: decline of groundwater quality
Comments:

The implementation of agroforestry in this case study intends to increase soil properties by restoring soil biological cycles, providing habitat for predators that can reduce pests, and reduce nitrate leaching to improve nutrient retention and avoid the leaching of nitrates.

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

The system consists of a flat area of around 7.8ha where nut tree alleys have been implemented. The separation between tree lines is about 50 meters, and the separation between trees is around 12 meters.

Author:

Afnan Suleiman and Eline Keuning

Date:

15/07/2024

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

This case study consists of 3 plots where agroforestry was implemented; in the first two plots, trees are combined with grasslands and flowers. The combined length of these two plots is 350 meters and the width is 140m. There is a double tree row covering the whole length of the plot, and a combination of trees and shrubs covering the width of the plot and of 60m in length. The area is surrounded by potato cropfields.

The third plot consist on a triangular grass field, with a side length of 200m, with trees on the edges. This plot is approximately 1.6 km from the other two plots

Author:

Afnan Suleiman and Eline Keuning

Date:

15/07/2019

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
  • per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:

7.8 hectares

other/ national currency (specify):

eur

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

0.9

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

200 euro

4.3 Establishment activities

Comments:

Activities and costs not available: our contract was not involved in the financial or other aspects of the implementation

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Comments:

Costs not available; our contract was not involved in the financial aspect of the implementation and, while can provide an overview of the benefits and drawbacks compared to the previous system, cannot provide any figures

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Comments:

Activities and costs not available: our contract was not involved in the financial or other aspects of the implementation

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

Costs not available; our contract was not involved in the financial aspect of the implementation and, while can provide an overview of the benefits and drawbacks compared to the previous system, cannot provide any figures

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

762.00

Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

Rainfall in the area is well distributed during the year, with eventual but often not severe drought periods during the summer

Indicate the name of the reference meteorological station considered:

Gemert-Bakel

Agro-climatic zone
  • sub-humid

well distributed rainfall and relatiely mild temperatures, although mean minimum temperatures are below 6.5 degrees during 6 months per year

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
  • not relevant

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • medium (1-3%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Thick eared soil with an ash cover consisting of sand, a high elevation with respect to groundwater (Gt IV and above) and a black mineral eared layer. The topsoil consists of loamy fine sand.

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

< 5 m

Availability of surface water:

good

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

Water quality refers to:

both ground and surface water

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Yes

Regularity:

episodically

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • medium
Habitat diversity:
  • medium
Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Biodiversity in the area is generally low. However, there has been an improvement in bird and fungal biodiversity after the implementation of the technique.

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Sedentary or nomadic:
  • Sedentary
Market orientation of production system:
  • commercial/ market
Relative level of wealth:
  • average
Individuals or groups:
  • groups/ community
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
  • mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Age of land users:
  • middle-aged

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • company
  • individual, titled
Land use rights:
  • leased
  • individual
Water use rights:
  • communal (organized)
Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?

No

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Water availability and quality

drinking water quality

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

slight decrease in leached nitrates

Income and costs

expenses on agricultural inputs

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

more machinery and labour needed

farm income

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

through diversification and added value of organic agriculture

diversity of income sources

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

above

workload

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

above

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

through diversification

cultural opportunities

reduced
improved

recreational opportunities

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

slight increase in scenic appeal of the area

community institutions

weakened
strengthened
Comments/ specify:

fosters curiosity of surrounding land users

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

above

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

water quality

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

decreased water run off (low anyway, it's a flat area)

surface runoff

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

slight increase, see above

evaporation

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

through tree shade

Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

above

soil cover

reduced
improved

soil compaction

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

slight improvement, particularly around trees

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Vegetation cover

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

the area surrounding the trees see a small an increase in vegetation diversity

biomass/ above ground C

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

carbon stored in the trees

plant diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

see above

animal diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

slight increase, particularly birds

habitat diversity

decreased
increased

pest/ disease control

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

trees host predatory insects and birds, which help controlling pests

Climate and disaster risk reduction

drought impacts

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

trees offer some protection

impacts of cyclones, rain storms

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

tree rows offer wind protection

emission of carbon and greenhouse gases

increased
decreased

wind velocity

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

above

micro-climate

worsened
improved
Comments/ specify:

above

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

groundwater/ river pollution

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

improved water quality through reduced nitrate leaching, affecting affecting both groundwater and rivers

impact of greenhouse gases

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

trees sequesters some carbon in the form of organic matter

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season increase or decrease How does the Technology cope with it?
seasonal temperature summer increase very well
seasonal temperature winter increase very well
seasonal rainfall summer decrease well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly negative

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly negative

Long-term returns:

positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • single cases/ experimental
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
diversify income through bio-economy products
adaptation to new environmental regulations
landscape and community opportunities
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
increased ecosystem carbon, carbon sequestration
re-establishment of biological cycles, decreased pests and increased system resilience
erosion reduction and need for less soil input, decreased nutrient runoff and increased underground water quality

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
implementation costs carbon sequestration can be capitalized by carbon markets
increased maintenance workload up-scaling would increase availability and affordability of mechanization options
land value decreased, as trees would need to be replanted somewhere else in case the land user would like to remove them policy changes
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
benefits are not seen in the short term financial mechanisms to bridge the gap between initial investment and long-term revenues, i.e. carbon markets
landscape changes from traditional land use might face resistance by some local inhabitants behavioral change, community involvement

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • interviews with land users

1

  • compilation from reports and other existing documentation

1

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

17/07/2019

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

LANDMARC Netherlands case study leaflets

Available from where? Costs?

https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f7b27859c352b2444f4cbd9/t/6050de69f1fa6f34c837dfc8/1615912556101/Brochure+NL+Agroforestry_public+def.pdf

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

LANDMARC Dutch Case Study

URL:

https://www.landmarc2020.eu/netherlands-peat-soils-agroforestry

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