Interview with local stakeholders in a tea plantation area (Ms. Tanomkwan Tipvong)

Promotion of Organic Tea Production under Bench Terraces (泰国)

Continuous bench terrace

描述

Promotion of continuous bench terraces for sustainable tea plantations in steep areas of the northern region highlands.

The approach is to develop and promote sustainable agriculture on steep slopes by establishing continuous bench terraces. Under this system, hilltribe farmers can produce good quality Chinese tea, and send their product to a processing factory nearby, which will create stable and high incomes and raise the quality of life. This production/ conservation system aims also to reduce deforestation and shifting cultivation problems, which lead to the degradation of soil and land. As such, soil and water conservation in this upstream sloping highland should promote and encourage appropriate sustainable land management to preserve natural resources and the environment.
In the early stage, Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station initiated this project to develop and promote Chinese tea cultivation on steep land, with close cooperation from the Land Development Department (LDD) to design the continuous bench terraces instead of the cold-climate fruit trees, which had greatly deteriorated. Local officers had allocated land (without ownership) to Palaung hilltribe people who were selected and guaranteed by the community leader for their aptitude and ability to cultivate Chinese tea according to the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Guidelines, and set up a Chinese tea producers group at Plot 2000. Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station organized this programme and trained them and also arranged for some local officers to advise on soil management, fertilizer use, and disease and pest control. Vetiver grass planting was introduced to maintain the terrace and road edges; compost was produced to use for improving soil properties and reducing their production cost, and cultivation materials were supplied to all land users through disbursement under the management of Doi Angkhang Agricultural Cooperatives. Local officers also supported marketing through purchasing at the guaranteed price according to the quality of the tea, and set up tea processing factories in this area. The project encourages all land users to observe and maintain their tea bushes and the land around them. Currently all land users are aware of how to sustainably use and maintain their land and soil resources. Moreover, local officers advise how to repair bench terraces themselves; however, if the damage is serious, the LDD officers will come in to help them repair.

地点

地点: Extension area for Chinese tea plantation (Farm 2000) at Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station, Mae Ngon Sub-district, Fang District,Chiang Mai Province, Chiang Mai Province, 泰国

选定地点的地理参考
  • 99.04056, 19.91984

启动日期: 1999

终止年份: 不适用

方法的类型
Overview of the tea plantation in "Farm 2000" (Ms. Tanomkwan Tipvong)
(Ms. Tanomkwan Tipvong)

方法目标和有利环境

该方法的主要目的/目标
The first objective is to enable hilltribe farmers, through suitable soil and water conservation measures, to produce good quality Chinese tea on the highland. The second objective is to create a stable income and raise the quality of life, where it is very important to ensure sustainable landuse without damaging natural resources and the environment. The third is to reduce forest encroachment problems in the highland and watershed areas of the northern region of Thailand.
推动实施本办法所应用技术的条件
  • 财务资源和服务的可用性/可得性: Angkhang Agricultural Cooperatives supported production factors to land users and cooperatives officers will monitor and evaluate this process.
  • 机构设置: Land user network as cooperative of tea plantation group with cooperation in compost or organic fertilizers production
  • 法律框架(土地使用权、土地和水使用权): Almost land users did not have right in land ownership, but they have right to use the allocated land, which these land are allocated by the Royal Project.
  • 政策: Government policy and Royal project supported the budget and implementation activities
  • 土地治理(决策、实施和执行): Royal project and government agencies regulated land use planning and take care on soil and land management in this area.
  • 了解SLM,获得技术支持: The officers of Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station advise land users to manage soil and land, including tea production and process.
  • 市场(购买投入,销售产品)和价格: They have tea processing factories in this area.
  • 其他: None
阻碍实施本办法所应用技术的条件

相关利益相关者的参与和角色

该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责
该方法涉及哪些利益相关者/执行机构? 指定利益相关者 说明利益相关者的角色
当地土地使用者/当地社区 All farmers belong to the hilltribe Palaung ethnic group. All land users take care of bench terraces with advice from station officers.
社区组织 Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station, The Royal Project The station officers extend and promote the occupation, encourage and advise in technology transfer the technical matter and knowledge to farmers.
教师/学龄儿童/学生 School children and students Training course and study tour in the area
地方政府 Several local government agencies are directly involved in this process, including officers from the station and the Royal Project. The station officers extend and promote the occupation, encourage and advise the farmers in technical knowledge, support production facilities and processing factory.
国家政府(规划者、决策者) Administrative officers in department and ministry level Making decisions and creating policy
当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段
被动
外部支持
互动
自我动员
启动/动机
Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station created continuous bench terraces as a soil and water conservation measure in the former degraded cold-climate fruit tree plot. They informed all land users about land allocation and zoning for suitable economic crops and trees, including Chinese tea in Plot 2000.
计划
Almost all land users (Palaung hilltribe) have been allocated land for planting Chinese tea with good agricultural practices (GAP) system in Plot 2000.
实施
The LDD has been responsible for conducting soil and land survey, designing and constructing soil and water conservation measures, with close collaboration with Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station.
监测/评估
All Palaung hilltribe land users in this area have to maintain/repair the bench terraces in their allocated land.
流程图

Flow chart Operating procedures of bench terrace:
1. The organic Chinese tea plantation project is emphasized to promote and develop career of hilltribe people around the area of Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station to reduce forest encroachment and shifting cultivation and encourage them to use the land in a sustainable way with stable and high income.
2. Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station has selected the area of old cold-climate crops where soil has deteriorated; the station officers need to reshape the land and construct suitable conservation measures in this sloping area.
3. In 1999, Land Development Department (LDD) supported in the survey, design and construction of soil and water conservation measures as continuous bench terraces. The distance between two terraces and the vertical interval (VI) depend on the slope of the area, but the cultivation area of each terrace will be 3m wide.
4. The Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station has selected farmers to join this project by considering their aptitude, ability and opportunity for further development in organic Chinese tea plantation. Almost all land users have been approved by community leaders to practice and implement following the instruction from extension officers.
5. All selected land users should practice and maintenance as recommended by station officers. In planting tea, farmers will dig a small furrow along the terrace around 30cm deep and 30cm wide. Tea seedlings will be planted in the furrow with a spacing of 40-50 cm between trees (around 2,000 plants/rai). Surface soil around these tea seedlings will be mulched to maintain suitable soil moisture.
6. Farmers will produce organic Chinese tea so they need to avoid applying chemical fertilizers and other chemical substances, but limit the use only to natural materials. Compost is applied at a rate of 2 kg/tree along both sides of the tea canopy, and incorporated about 15 cm below the soil surface. This compost rate may be applied 3 times a year.
7. The Chinese tea is usually harvested from April to December, and will receive nourishment/maintenance ( January-March). At present, the No. 12 variety has an average yield of 800 kg/rai, with some 5-6 harvests a year, while the soft stem variety has an average yield of 600 kg/rai, with some 4-5 harvests a year. The station has received a budget from the Taiwanese government and the Institute of Highland Area Development to support the processing factory building, machinery and necessary techniques.
8. Maintenance of damaged bench terraces: all land users will repair by themselves in the dry season. In the serious case of erosion, the LDD will support such maintenance. In addition, vetiver grass is planted to strengthen the edge of the terraces.

作者:Ms.Tanomkwan Tipvong
有关SLM技术选择的决策

决策是由......做出的

  • 仅限土地使用者(自主)
  • 主要是土地使用者,由SLM专家提供支持
  • 所有相关参与者,作为参与式方法的一部分
  • 主要是SLM专家,咨询土地使用者之后
  • 仅限SLM专家
  • 政治家和领袖

决策是基于

  • 对充分记录的SLM知识进行评估(基于证据的决策)
  • 研究结果
  • 个人经验和意见(无记录)
  • Policies and legal measures

技术支持、能力建设和知识管理

以下活动或服务是该方法的一部分
能力建设/培训
向以下利益相关者提供培训
  • 土地使用者
  • 现场工作人员/顾问
培训形式
  • 在职
  • 农民对农民
  • 示范区域
  • 公开会议
  • 课程
  • Mmonthly meeting
涵盖的主题

Implementation activities, how to solve some problems, maintain and repair conservation measure, vetiver grass plantation and others

咨询服务
已提供咨询服务
  • 在土地使用者的土地上
  • 在固定中心
-
机构强化
机构已强化/建立
  • 是,少许
  • 是,适度
  • 是,非常
在下述层面上
  • 本地
  • 区域
  • 国家
描述机构、角色和职责、成员等.
All land users (from the Palaung hilltribe) have been selected as members to promote and implement organic Chinese tea plantation with their awareness to maintain and take care of conservation measures for sustainable use of this land.
支持类型
  • 财务
  • 能力建设/培训
  • 设备
  • budget in repair structure
进一步细节
The Angkhang station gives a support budget to repair the bench terrace about 500 baht per rai.
监测和评估
Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station set up a monitoring and evaluation programme for the Chinese tea cultivation under bench terraces.

融资和外部物质支持

SLM组成部分的年度预算,以美元计算
  • < 2,000
  • 2,000-10,000
  • 10,000-100,000
  • 100,000-1,000,000
  • > 1,000,000
Precise annual budget: 不适用
已向土地使用者提供以下服务或激励
  • 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援
  • 特定投入的补贴
  • 信用
  • 其它激励或手段
为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援
LDD support with the supply of vetiver grass slips and technology to maintain the terrace including support the budget to repair terraces at 500 baht per rai per year.
部分融资
充分融资
劳动力

Maintain and repair budget around 500 baht per rai.

土地使用者的劳动力为

信贷

影响分析和结论性陈述

方法的影响
是,很少
是,中等
是,支持力度很大
该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术?

Almost land users are good in maintaining and repairing this terrace system.

该方法是否提高了SLM的协调性和成本效益?

They collaborate closely with local officers.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者实施土地管理的知识和能力?

They cannot construct this terrace by themselves, but can maintain and repair the damaged areas. They know and understand the benefit and effectiveness of this measure.

该方法是否改善了阻碍SLM技术实施的土地使用权/用户权问题?

They cannot have right in land ownership but they have rights in land tenure and utilize this land for Chinese tea in Plot 2000.

该方法是否带来了更可持续的能源使用?

This bench terrace and other land management practices are firmly sustainable for Chinese tea production.

土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机
  • 增加生产
  • 增加利润(能力),提高成本效益比
  • 减少土地退化
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 减少工作量
  • 支付/补贴
  • 规章制度(罚款)/执行
  • 声望、社会压力/社会凝聚
  • 加入运动/项目/团体/网络
  • 环境意识
  • 习俗和信仰,道德
  • 提高SLM知识和技能
  • 美学改进
  • 冲突缓解
方法活动的可持续性
土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施(无外部支持的情况下)?
  • 不确定

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • The continuous bench terrace is a highly effective measure to slow down runoff, and thus reduces soil erosion.
  • This system would reduce the amount of fertilizer application, as organic matter and plant nutrients still stay in the sloping area.
  • All land users can produce more agricultural products, thus will receive more income.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • The bench terrace increases the amount of water to store in the soil, while the excessive amount of rain would gradually drain through the waterway.
  • This technology would reduce the amount of fertilizer application as it prevents plant nutrients from escaping from the area.
  • All land users can improve their life quality from increasing agricultural products/income.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • The cost for constructing continuous bench terraces is very high. It is possible only when the government and local officers support these activities.
  • The system needs expert in design and implementation. Local government officers (LDD) support and perform these activities.
  • When the structure of bench terraces is damaged. Local government officers (LDD) will help in doing the repair.
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • The cost for constructing bench terraces is very high, heavy machines are needed. Government and local officers support these activities.
  • The system needs expert in doing the design and implementation. Local government officers (LDD) support and perform these activities.
  • When the structure of bench terraces is damaged by heavy rain, runoff and other events. Local government officers (LDD) support its reparation.

参考文献

编制者
  • Pitayakon Limtong
Editors
审查者
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
  • William Critchley
实施日期: Dec. 21, 2018
上次更新: Oct. 11, 2021
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • -: -
链接到网络上可用的相关信息
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International