Intercropping of mungbean between orange trees on the mountainous area of Cambodia (Mr.Sok Pheak)

Intercropping of orange trees with mungbean in mountainous areas (柬埔寨)

Intercropping

描述

Intercropping of mungbean between orange trees improves soil fertility and generates income before the orange trees bear fruit.

Agroforestry is a farming practice that can involve growing of a mixture of woody perennials like trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc. with crops and/or animals, on the same land-management units. Agroforestry systems play an important role in ecological and economical interactions between the different land use components (Lundgren and Raintree, 1982). It represents an interface between agriculture and forestry, and encompasses mixed land-use practices. Agroforestry systems are composed of three attributes:
1. Productivity (improved tree products, yields of associated crops, reduction of cropping system inputs, and increased labor use efficiency);
2. Sustainability (beneficial effects of woody perennials);
3. Adoptability (MoE/Adaptation Fund/UNEP, 2016).

In Cambodia, mungbean grows throughout the whole year almost, depending on the moisture factor. Mungbean is short maturity crop which can be grown both in sloping upland and in lowland areas. In upland areas farmers usually plant their second crop in August and harvest it in October. Mungbean is a crop that can be grown on many soil types, but grows best on alluvial, sandy, and volcanic soils which well drained containing high levels of nutrients (incl. N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and organic matter (MAFF, 2005). Mungbean crop duration depends on the variety, with short-term, medium-term and long-term being harvested between 60-65 days, 65-75 days, and 75-80 days, respectively.

Mungbean residues can make an active contribution to improvement of soil quality through nitrogen fixation and subsequent incorporation of this nitrogen into the soil after root and nodule degeneration by Rhizobium bacteria. The incorporation of the organic root material also improves the soil structure (MAFF, 2005, Chadha, 2010, IRRI-CIMMYT Alliance, 2009). The taproot of the mungbean can penetrate the soil to a depth of 50-60 centimeters. Sometimes, some land users grow mungbean as a green manure crop specifically to improve soil quality (Tauch Ung, 2010).

Mr. Chea Sarith is one example of land user who practices intercropping of orange trees with mungbean since 2013. The main purpose is to improve soil fertility, to prevent soil erosion, and to generate income before the orange trees provide fruit. In addition, it eases the weed control. After the harvest the farmer leaves the plant residues on the soil to provide organic matter. With the objective not to harm the roots of the orange trees, he avoids tilling the soil. In general, mungbean grows twice a season depending on the rainfall distribution and soil moisture.

The average yield of direct seeded mungbean as an intercrop between orange trees is about 1,200 kg/ha (harvested 3 times per crop). If mungbean is grown as a single crop the yield is usually ranges from 1,300 to 1,400 kg/ha. The market price for mungbean grain is usually about 4,500 to 5,000 Riel/kg.

Before planting orange trees the soil requires two turns of ploughing. After first ploughing the soil should dry during 1-2 months, before it can be ploughed again by a wheel harrow. Orange trees then are planted in rows into pits of 1 m x 1 m, with a depth of 70-80 cm. The spacing between the trees, as well as between the rows is usually 6 meters. Before planting, the orange tree seedlings (bought from outside) are usually kept at the farm site for 15 to 20 days, which to allow them to adapt to the conditions of the growing environment. The farmer installed a water pipe in the underground to irrigate the fruit orchard. The nearby stream serves as water source. After the tree plantation, mungbean is sown by direct seeding on the remaining bare soil. This is done by putting 3 to 4 seeds into the seed holes (3 to 4 cm sowing depth at a plant spacing of 20 cm and a row spacing of 30 cm. After harvest the residues of the mungbean plants are squashed by machine and left to rot on the soil surface until is the next mungbean cycle starts by direct seeding.

地点

地点: Phnum Kravanh of Cambodia., Ongkrong Village, Samrong Commune, Phnum Kravanh District, Pursat Province., 柬埔寨

分析的技术场所数量: 单一场所

选定地点的地理参考
  • 103.58329, 12.3103

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (approx. < 0.1 平方千米(10 公顷))

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 2013

介绍类型
Orange Trees (Mr. Sok Pheak)
Mungbean during maturity. (Mr. Sok Pheak)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 是 - 农林业

  • 农田
    • 一年一作: 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子
    • 乔木与灌木的种植: 柑橘属
    每年的生长季节数: 1
供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 土壤风蚀 - Et:表土流失
  • 化学性土壤退化 - Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
  • 物理性土壤退化 - Pc:压实
  • 生物性退化 - Bc:植被覆盖的减少, Bl:土壤寿命损失
SLM组
  • 农业林学
  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
SLM措施
  • 农艺措施 - A1:植被和土壤覆盖层, A3:土壤表面处理
  • 结构措施 - S7:集水/供水/灌溉设备

技术图纸

技术规范
The area of implementing this technology is 4 hectares with 1096 orange trees. The pit of planting orange trees is 1m x 1m, with a depth of 70-80 cm. The spacing between trees and between rows is usually 6 meters to get enough sunlight. The mungbean is planted by direct seedling by inserting 3 to 4 seeds per hole (the hole is 3-4 cm in depth). The spacing between the holes is 20 cm and the row spacing is 30 cm. The farmer of this farm also installed an irrigation system by setting up a pipe under the ground.
Author: Mr. Khoun Sophal

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:每个技术区域 (尺寸和面积单位:4 hectares
  • 成本计算使用的货币:KHR (Riel)
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 4000.0 KHR (Riel)
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:20000
影响成本的最重要因素
The establishment of an orange tree orachard requires a lot of money.
技术建立活动
  1. Clear degraded forest (时间/频率: January)
  2. Clear the termite mound to flatten the area (时间/频率: Dry season)
  3. Drying the soil by sunlight (时间/频率: Dry season)
  4. Buy orange trees and adapt them to the condition of the area (时间/频率: Dry season)
  5. Planting orange trees (时间/频率: August)
技术建立的投入和成本 (per 4 hectares)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (KHR (Riel)) 每项投入的总成本 (KHR (Riel)) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Clear the degraded forest soil Person-day 80.0 2000.0 160000.0 100.0
Collect the residue of forest and then burn Person-day 60.0 20000.0 1200000.0 100.0
Clear 40 termite mounds in 4 hectares Person-day 48.0 20000.0 960000.0 100.0
Hire labor to carry the soil of termite mound to put in the hole of orange tree for planting Person-day 180.0 20000.0 3600000.0 100.0
设备
Grass cutting marchine piece 2.0 1200000.0 2400000.0 100.0
Two wheel tractor piece 1.0 12000000.0 12000000.0 100.0
植物材料
Orange seedlings seedling 1026.0 6000.0 6156000.0 100.0
施工材料
Pumping machine piece 1.0 1200000.0 1200000.0 100.0
Irrigation system such as big tube, small tube etc set 1.0 8000000.0 8000000.0 100.0
其它
Planting orange trees Person-day 51.0 20000.0 1020000.0 100.0
Pesticide sprayer machine piece 3.0 600000.0 1800000.0 100.0
Spraying pesticide hand pump sprayer piece 1.0 280000.0 280000.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 38'776'000.0
技术建立总成本,美元 9'694.0
技术维护活动
  1. Watering during dry season in the first year of planting orange trees (时间/频率: Two times per day during dry season)
  2. Spraying pesticides when there is present of insects on orange trees (时间/频率: Spray once time per season)
  3. Pruning some branches of orange trees (时间/频率: When the orange trees 2 years (One year cut some branches once time))
  4. Apply organic fertilizer for the orange trees (时间/频率: When the orange trees are 4 years)
  5. Spray against weeds (时间/频率: Spray once time per half month.)
  6. Spray pesticides on mungbean plants (时间/频率: When mungbean flowering)
  7. Direct seeding of mungbean (时间/频率: August)
技术维护的投入和成本 (per 4 hectares)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (KHR (Riel)) 每项投入的总成本 (KHR (Riel)) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Watering the orange trees Person-day 11.0 20000.0 220000.0 100.0
Pruning some branches of orange trees Person-day 100.0 20000.0 2000000.0 100.0
Hire labor to spray pesticides Person-day 8.0 20000.0 160000.0 100.0
Hire labor to harvest mungbean when mature Person-day 120.0 20000.0 2400000.0 100.0
植物材料
Mungbean seed (1 hectare need 25 kg of mungbean) seeds) hectare 4.0 312500.0 1250000.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂
Pesticides for orange trees bottle 4.0 40000.0 160000.0 100.0
Chemicals for improving of stem of mungbean package 60.0 1500.0 90000.0 100.0
Pesticide to kill worms on mungbean bottle 2.0 40000.0 80000.0 100.0
其它
Direct seeding of mungbean Person-day 56.0 20000.0 1120000.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 7'480'000.0
技术维护总成本,美元 1'870.0

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
以毫米为单位计算的年平均降雨量:1225.7
In 2015 the annual rainfall is 1225.7 mm, in 2014 is 1128.1 and in 2013 is 1316 mm.
气象站名称:Ministry of water resources and meteorology, 2015
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考:
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康

贫瘠
x
教育

贫瘠
x
技术援助

贫瘠
x
就业(例如非农)

贫瘠
x
市场

贫瘠
x
能源

贫瘠
x
道路和交通

贫瘠
x
饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠
x
金融服务

贫瘠
x

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
x
增加


The soil fertility was improved, so that the crop production increased steadily. In addition, the farmer now doesn't grow only orange trees, but he also grows mungbean.

作物质量
降低
x
增加


The residues of mungbean contain many nutrients, which is suitable for getting good crop quality.

生产故障风险
增加
x
降低


As the farmer plants more than one crop on the plot now, it reduces the production failure. This means that farmer get income from mungbeans before the orange trees provide fruits. The better weed control also reduces insects, which could be harmful to the crop.

产品多样性
降低
x
增加


There are mungbean and orange trees, now.

农业投入费用
增加
x
降低


Reduced chemical fertilizers on orange trees and mungbean, because after harvesting mungbean residues are kept on the soil which is very good green manure for soil.

农业收入
降低
x
增加


The farm income increases considerably due the intercropping system, as both mungbean and orange trees provide yield. In addition, mungbeans provide yield two times per year. Last but not least , mungbean play a key role as green manure which reduces the input of chemical fertilizers and therefore cost.

工作量
增加
x
降低


The mungbean and orange tree cultivation does not consume much of labor force because he doesn't have to spend a lot of time for weeding (as instead of weed mungbeans cover the soil now). On the other hand, the farmer mentioned that the orange plantation is time consuming at the beginning, when the orange trees has to be planted. As well the mungbean need more time at the moment when the plot has to be prepared for first direct seedling. But the technology as a whole entails not a lot of maintenance workload as he uses machinery such as pesticide sprayer machine and mungbean squash machine to facilitate the labor.

社会文化影响
食品安全/自给自足
减少
x
改良


The diversification of the crops (oranges and mungbean) has considerably raised the income and therefore strongly prevent food insecurity situations.

健康状况
恶化
x
改良


The reduction of chemical fertilizer and pesticides provides safer products that improves the health situation. In addition, mungbean and orange fruit deliver many nutrition benefits to human health.

社区机构
削弱
x
加强


He has joined the orange trees community to sell the orange fruits. Many researches are convinced of his success and the tastiness of his oranges; as for example researchers from the District Office of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnum Kravanh, Provincial Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Pursat etc.”

SLM/土地退化知识
减少
x
改良


By doing the farmer learned that degraded soil can be rehabilitated by the mean of mungbean residues acting as green manure. And from the moment the soil is rehabilitated he can see that this green manure prevents soil degradation at high degree.

生态影响
土壤水分
降低
x
增加


Mungbean and orange trees keep the soil moisture, prevent the evaporation to the atmosphere.

土壤覆盖层
减少
x
改良


Orange trees and mainly the mungbean intercrop cover the soil almost entirely all year around.

土壤压实
增加
x
减少


The residue of mungbean reduce soil compact by improving the soil structure through providing organic matter to the soil. The increased amount of soil organisms make the sol less compact.

土壤有机物/地下C
降低
x
增加


The residues of mungbean left on the soil after harvesting are transformed to organic matter by the process of decay and therefore contribute essentially to increased soil organic matter.

植被覆盖层
降低
x
增加


Orange trees and mungbeans are the vegetation cover to avoid bare land, so the sunlight will not come directly to the the soil.

植物多样性
降低
x
增加


There is more than one crop (orange trees and mungbean).

有益物种(捕食者、蚯蚓、传粉者)
降低
x
增加


Now, the soil is somewhat richer in termites, ants, earthworms, crickets ect.

栖息地多样性
降低
x
增加


Orange trees and mungbean cultivation promote soil organisms in the habitat.

场外影响

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

When the orange trees grow bigger, it will provide very high income.

气候变化

渐变气候
年温度 增加

非常不好
x
非常好
季节性温度 增加

非常不好
x
非常好
季节: 湿季/雨季
季节性温度 增加

非常不好
x
非常好
季节: 旱季
年降雨量 增加

非常不好
x
非常好
季雨量 增加

非常不好
x
非常好
季节: 湿季/雨季

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • Get income from the mungbean before orange trees provide fruit as a potential source of income.
  • The residues from the mungbean plants help to improve soil fertility.
  • The potential market of orange tree fruits is good, with traders buying directly from producers at the farm.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Residues of mungbean improve soil fertility, reduce soil degradation and help rehabilitate the degraded land.
  • In the initial 3 to 4 years of growth of orange trees it is important to grow short term crops like mungbean to provide an income source.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • Orange trees require a lot of water. Grow near a water source such as a stream or river, or dig ponds to hold water. Land users need to consider a potential water source.
  • When the soils become saturated due to excessive rain, the mungbean plant roots can degenerate and result in low grain yields and low grain price (due to poor grain quality). There is little that farmers can do to improve the performance of the mung bean crop in conditions of soil moisture saturation.
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • As the orange trees grow bigger there is reduced opportunity for intercropping with mungbean. Grow intercrops that do not require much sunlight, such as ginger or galanga

参考文献

编制者
  • Navin Chea
Editors
  • Sophea Tim
  • Sok Pheak
审查者
  • Nimul CHUN
  • SO Than
  • Ursula Gaemperli
  • Alexandra Gavilano
实施日期: Aug. 22, 2017
上次更新: March 11, 2019
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Chadha, M. L. (2010). Short Duration Mungbean : A New Success in South Asia.: N/A
  • MoE/Adaptation Fund/UNEP. (2016). Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation “ Enhancing Climate Change Resilience of Rural Communities Living in Protected Areas in Cambodia .”: Ministry of Environment(MoE). Free of charge.
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International