1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) - 柬埔寨

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Intercropping of mungbean between orange trees improves soil fertility and generates income before the orange trees bear fruit.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Agroforestry is a farming practice that can involve growing of a mixture of woody perennials like trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc. with crops and/or animals, on the same land-management units. Agroforestry systems play an important role in ecological and economical interactions between the different land use components (Lundgren and Raintree, 1982). It represents an interface between agriculture and forestry, and encompasses mixed land-use practices. Agroforestry systems are composed of three attributes:
1. Productivity (improved tree products, yields of associated crops, reduction of cropping system inputs, and increased labor use efficiency);
2. Sustainability (beneficial effects of woody perennials);
3. Adoptability (MoE/Adaptation Fund/UNEP, 2016).

In Cambodia, mungbean grows throughout the whole year almost, depending on the moisture factor. Mungbean is short maturity crop which can be grown both in sloping upland and in lowland areas. In upland areas farmers usually plant their second crop in August and harvest it in October. Mungbean is a crop that can be grown on many soil types, but grows best on alluvial, sandy, and volcanic soils which well drained containing high levels of nutrients (incl. N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and organic matter (MAFF, 2005). Mungbean crop duration depends on the variety, with short-term, medium-term and long-term being harvested between 60-65 days, 65-75 days, and 75-80 days, respectively.

Mungbean residues can make an active contribution to improvement of soil quality through nitrogen fixation and subsequent incorporation of this nitrogen into the soil after root and nodule degeneration by Rhizobium bacteria. The incorporation of the organic root material also improves the soil structure (MAFF, 2005, Chadha, 2010, IRRI-CIMMYT Alliance, 2009). The taproot of the mungbean can penetrate the soil to a depth of 50-60 centimeters. Sometimes, some land users grow mungbean as a green manure crop specifically to improve soil quality (Tauch Ung, 2010).

Mr. Chea Sarith is one example of land user who practices intercropping of orange trees with mungbean since 2013. The main purpose is to improve soil fertility, to prevent soil erosion, and to generate income before the orange trees provide fruit. In addition, it eases the weed control. After the harvest the farmer leaves the plant residues on the soil to provide organic matter. With the objective not to harm the roots of the orange trees, he avoids tilling the soil. In general, mungbean grows twice a season depending on the rainfall distribution and soil moisture.

The average yield of direct seeded mungbean as an intercrop between orange trees is about 1,200 kg/ha (harvested 3 times per crop). If mungbean is grown as a single crop the yield is usually ranges from 1,300 to 1,400 kg/ha. The market price for mungbean grain is usually about 4,500 to 5,000 Riel/kg.

Before planting orange trees the soil requires two turns of ploughing. After first ploughing the soil should dry during 1-2 months, before it can be ploughed again by a wheel harrow. Orange trees then are planted in rows into pits of 1 m x 1 m, with a depth of 70-80 cm. The spacing between the trees, as well as between the rows is usually 6 meters. Before planting, the orange tree seedlings (bought from outside) are usually kept at the farm site for 15 to 20 days, which to allow them to adapt to the conditions of the growing environment. The farmer installed a water pipe in the underground to irrigate the fruit orchard. The nearby stream serves as water source. After the tree plantation, mungbean is sown by direct seeding on the remaining bare soil. This is done by putting 3 to 4 seeds into the seed holes (3 to 4 cm sowing depth at a plant spacing of 20 cm and a row spacing of 30 cm. After harvest the residues of the mungbean plants are squashed by machine and left to rot on the soil surface until is the next mungbean cycle starts by direct seeding.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2013

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

Through farmers experience, investigation on cropping and natural fertilizer application.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

注释:

Orange and mungbean.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

注释:

Degraded forest, soil from termite mound.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

There is a stream near the farm for supply the water for orange trees.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

The former degraded forest soil was rehabilitated by the rotten residues of the mungbean, the deep penetration of its taproots, and by the nitrogen fixation through the symbiotic association of nitrogen fixing bacteria in the nodular roots of the mungbean. Thus, the soil structure and the soil fertility were improved little by little.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

KHR (Riel)

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

4000.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Clear degraded forest	January
2.	Clear the termite mound to flatten the area	Dry season
3.	Drying the soil by sunlight	Dry season
4.	Buy orange trees and adapt them to the condition of the area	Dry season
5.	Planting orange trees	August

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Clear the degraded forest soil	Person-day	80.0	2000.0	160000.0	100.0
劳动力	Collect the residue of forest and then burn	Person-day	60.0	20000.0	1200000.0	100.0
劳动力	Clear 40 termite mounds in 4 hectares	Person-day	48.0	20000.0	960000.0	100.0
劳动力	Hire labor to carry the soil of termite mound to put in the hole of orange tree for planting	Person-day	180.0	20000.0	3600000.0	100.0
设备	Grass cutting marchine	piece	2.0	1200000.0	2400000.0	100.0
设备	Two wheel tractor	piece	1.0	12000000.0	12000000.0	100.0
植物材料	Orange seedlings	seedling	1026.0	6000.0	6156000.0	100.0
施工材料	Pumping machine	piece	1.0	1200000.0	1200000.0	100.0
施工材料	Irrigation system such as big tube, small tube etc	set	1.0	8000000.0	8000000.0	100.0
其它	Planting orange trees	Person-day	51.0	20000.0	1020000.0	100.0
其它	Pesticide sprayer machine	piece	3.0	600000.0	1800000.0	100.0
其它	Spraying pesticide hand pump sprayer	piece	1.0	280000.0	280000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					38776000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					9694.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Watering during dry season in the first year of planting orange trees	Two times per day during dry season
2.	Spraying pesticides when there is present of insects on orange trees	Spray once time per season
3.	Pruning some branches of orange trees	When the orange trees 2 years (One year cut some branches once time)
4.	Apply organic fertilizer for the orange trees	When the orange trees are 4 years
5.	Spray against weeds	Spray once time per half month.
6.	Spray pesticides on mungbean plants	When mungbean flowering
7.	Direct seeding of mungbean	August

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Watering the orange trees	Person-day	11.0	20000.0	220000.0	100.0
劳动力	Pruning some branches of orange trees	Person-day	100.0	20000.0	2000000.0	100.0
劳动力	Hire labor to spray pesticides	Person-day	8.0	20000.0	160000.0	100.0
劳动力	Hire labor to harvest mungbean when mature	Person-day	120.0	20000.0	2400000.0	100.0
植物材料	Mungbean seed (1 hectare need 25 kg of mungbean) seeds)	hectare	4.0	312500.0	1250000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Pesticides for orange trees	bottle	4.0	40000.0	160000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Chemicals for improving of stem of mungbean	package	60.0	1500.0	90000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Pesticide to kill worms on mungbean	bottle	2.0	40000.0	80000.0	100.0
其它	Direct seeding of mungbean	Person-day	56.0	20000.0	1120000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					7480000.0
技术维护总成本，美元					1870.0

注释:

The maintenance costs then depend on the age of orange trees. The cost calculation of maintenance of orange trees is for year period, but the the recurrent costs for mungbean cultivation is calculated only for one crop cycle (two months and half).

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The establishment of an orange tree orachard requires a lot of money.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

On Phnum Kravanh mountain area.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

PH=6

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

注释:

There is free access of water stream nearby. He never has water usage conflict.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好
季节性温度	湿季/雨季	增加	适度
季节性温度	旱季	增加	好
年降雨量		增加	适度
季雨量	湿季/雨季	增加	适度

注释:

Change in rainfall. If there is too much rain, the soil will be saturated and the root will be spoiled what reduces the yield of mungbean.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

When the orange trees grow bigger, it will provide very high income.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Get income from the mungbean before orange trees provide fruit as a potential source of income.
The residues from the mungbean plants help to improve soil fertility.
The potential market of orange tree fruits is good, with traders buying directly from producers at the farm.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Residues of mungbean improve soil fertility, reduce soil degradation and help rehabilitate the degraded land.
In the initial 3 to 4 years of growth of orange trees it is important to grow short term crops like mungbean to provide an income source.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Orange trees require a lot of water.	Grow near a water source such as a stream or river, or dig ponds to hold water. Land users need to consider a potential water source.
When the soils become saturated due to excessive rain, the mungbean plant roots can degenerate and result in low grain yields and low grain price (due to poor grain quality).	There is little that farmers can do to improve the performance of the mung bean crop in conditions of soil moisture saturation.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
As the orange trees grow bigger there is reduced opportunity for intercropping with mungbean.	Grow intercrops that do not require much sunlight, such as ginger or galanga

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Chadha, M. L. (2010). Short Duration Mungbean : A New Success in South Asia.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

N/A

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

MoE/Adaptation Fund/UNEP. (2016). Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation “ Enhancing Climate Change Resilience of Rural Communities Living in Protected Areas in Cambodia .”

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Ministry of Environment(MoE). Free of charge.

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

MAFF. (2005). Mung bean.

URL:

Retrieved November 12, 2017, from http://www.maff.gov.kh/agri-tech/56-ដំណាំឧស្សាហកម្ម/ការដាំដុះសណ្តែក/1519-ដំណាំសណ្តែកបាយ.html

标题/说明:

Tauch Ung. (2010). Overiew of mung bean.

URL:

Retrieved November 12, 2017, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwhP4tVirBPsOTM3OWFiMzktZTdmNi00NjMyLTg1NjktMzFhYzhmMzUyMjVl/view?hl=en

标题/说明:

IRRI‐CIMMYT Alliance. (2009).The importance of legumes in cereal cropping systems.

URL:

Retrieved November 12, 2017, from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/images/pdfs/the_importance_of_legumes_in_cereal_cropping_systems.pdf