View on the zero-grazing shed and fodder preparation (Charles L Malingu (Kagera TAMP, Kabale))

Zero grazing (乌干达)

Okurisiza hamwe

描述

Stall-fed livestock production is an efficient method to produce organic fertilizers (manure) for the conservation and improvement of soil fertility.

Zero-grazing has been a common livestock (cattle and pigs) management practice in most areas of south-western Uganda due to reduced communal grazing land. In the predominantly annual cropping system communities, free grazing livestock often damage crops and are a major cause of conflict. On the other hand, farmers observe that crop yields have declined season after season. For example, the bunch of bananas has grown smaller, it has smaller fingers, and many banana stands have no fruit during much of the year. The most important ways through which croplands in Rubagano are degraded include nutrient transfer through harvest and crop residue movement and use; nutrient mining whereby continuous cultivation is done with little or no replenishment; and soil and water runoff on steep slopes. Farmers know that one of the most important ways to reverse declining soil fertility is to apply manure, but it is expensive. Therefore farmers acquired goats or pigs primarily for the provision of manure for their cropland, but also as a household income generating enterprise. In stall-fed goat or pig production, The zero-grazing unit is designed in such a way that it is well ventilated and protected from wind, rain and constant direct sunshine to avoid livestock developing coughs, colds and stress. The unit has 3 major parts: the feeding and rest area, the exercise area and the manure collection area. The feeding/rest area is raised 1 m above the ground. Below it is the manure collection area and above it, a corrugated iron roof. There is a feeding vat on each side of the feeding/rest area in which mixed fodder is fed to the livestock. A wooden food preparation slab for cutting and mixing fodder is in front of the feeding/rest area. The unit for housing 12 goats is 4 m by 8 m on the ground and 3 m high at the feeding area.

Purpose of the Technology: The major objective of stall-feeding is to maximize manure collection for sustaining soil fertility in cropland. Other goals are to improve household income, reduce expenditure on pests and disease management through livestock isolation from other animals and to reduce labor by cutting and storing fodder for use over a period instead of grazing in distant pastures daily.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The materials required for establishment of the zero-grazing unit for goats are wooden posts or poles, cut-off planks, wooden slats/timber, iron sheets and nails. The 4 m by 4 m feeding/rest area is raised 1 m above the ground on strong Eucalyptus or pine posts of diameter 5-10 cm. Its wall is 2 m high and is made of widely spaced cut-off planks or light wooden poles not more than 3 cm diameter nailed to strong upright posts. The floor is made of wooden slats placed 2 cm apart, big enough to allow livestock droppings to fall through but too small for adult goats’ or kids’ hooves pass, in order to avoid injury to livestock. There is a 1.5 m by 0.5 m feeding vat on each side of the feeding/rest area and a 1 m by 1 m fodder mixing wooden slab at the front. On the ground to one side of the feeding/rest area is the 4m by 4m exercise area. The unit can be constructed at any time of the year.

Natural / human environment: Regular maintenance of the unit is done to ensure the floor does not develop holes that can lead to injury of the livestock, and the roof does not leak when it rains. Increased manure collection and application increases crop yields and supports crop diversification.

地点

地点: Mbarara District, Uganda, 乌干达

分析的技术场所数量:

选定地点的地理参考
  • 30.62565, -0.86316

技术传播:

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 不到10年前(最近)

介绍类型
Details of shed with separated areas for goats and pigs (Wilson Bamwerinde (Kagera TAMP, Kabale))
The rest area, where animals can lie down and chew cud (Charles L Malingu (Kagera TAMP, Kabale))

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用

  • 农田
    • 一年一作: 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子, 根/块茎作物 - 土豆
    • 多年一作(非木材): 香蕉/芭蕉/蕉麻
    每年的生长季节数: 2
  • 牧场
    • 收割和携带/零放牧
    动物类型: 牛 - 奶制品, 山羊, pigs

供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 化学性土壤退化 - Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
  • 生物性退化 - Bc:植被覆盖的减少
SLM组
  • 畜牧业和牧场管理
  • 农畜综合管理
SLM措施
  • 农艺措施 - A2:有机质/土壤肥力
  • 植物措施 - V2:草和多年生草本植物
  • 管理措施 - M2:改变管理/强度级别

技术图纸

技术规范

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:
  • 成本计算使用的货币:UGX
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 2600.0 UGX
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:3.85
影响成本的最重要因素
The most determinate factors in the establishment of the technology are: labour for planting, maintaining and cutting grass and other pastures and carrying the fodder to the zero-grazing unit; labour for fetching water for the animals; and labour for removing and composting manure and spreading into the garden.
技术建立活动
  1. Purchase of tools (时间/频率: Wet season)
  2. Purchase of construction materials (时间/频率: None)
  3. Construction of zero grazing shed ( including vats and manura collecion area) (时间/频率: None)
  4. Purchase of livestock (时间/频率: None)
  5. Grass seed procurement and sowing (时间/频率: Wet season)
  6. Converting part of the cropland (annual and perrenial crops) into fodder production (时间/频率: None)
技术建立的投入和成本
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (UGX) 每项投入的总成本 (UGX) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Construction of zero grazing shed ( including vats and manura collecion area) ha 1.0 115.4 115.4 100.0
设备
Tools Set 1.0 115.4 115.4 100.0
施工材料
Tree poles,nails,sorghum stalk ha 1.0 38.46 38.46 100.0
Corrugated iron sheets ha 1.0 250.0 250.0 100.0
其它
Livestock (3 Does) ha 1.0 173.1 173.1 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 692.36
技术建立总成本,美元 0.27
技术维护活动
  1. Cutting and carrying and application of fodder (时间/频率: Daily)
  2. Collection, composting and application of manure (时间/频率: Daily)
  3. Purchase of tools and materials for reconstruction/repairs of the shed structure (时间/频率: annual)
  4. Weeding and gapping (时间/频率: Seasonal)
技术维护的投入和成本
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (UGX) 每项投入的总成本 (UGX) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Labour ha 1.0 38.46 38.46
设备
Tools ha 1.0 11.54 11.54 100.0
施工材料
Tree poles,nails,sorghum stalk ha 1.0 3.85 3.85 100.0
Corrugated iron sheets ha 1.0
其它
Livestock (3 Does) ha 1.0 18.0 18.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 71.85
技术维护总成本,美元 0.03

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
以毫米为单位计算的年平均降雨量:1041.0
Thermal climate class: tropics. All months above 18°C.
Rubagano receives at least 6 months of rain in 2 seasons, February to May and September to November
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考:
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康

贫瘠
教育

贫瘠
技术援助

贫瘠
就业(例如非农)

贫瘠
市场

贫瘠
能源

贫瘠
道路和交通

贫瘠
饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠
金融服务

贫瘠

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: 10kg
SLM之后的数量: 60kg
increased yields for beans realised.

饲料生产
降低
增加

饲料质量
降低
增加

畜牧生产
降低
增加

生产故障风险
增加
降低

产品多样性
降低
增加

生产区域(耕种/使用中的新土地)
降低
增加

农业收入
降低
增加

SLM之前的数量: 23dollars per yr
SLM之后的数量: 92 dollars per yr.
yields increased from sell of goats

收入来源的多样性
降低
增加

工作量
增加
降低


As there is now a lot more activity on-farm

社会文化影响
食品安全/自给自足
减少
改良

社区机构
削弱
加强

国家机构
削弱
加强

SLM/土地退化知识
减少
改良


Vegetation cover has been improved.

Improved livelihoods and human well-being
decreased
increased


Food security and household income have improved. This has resulted in children in these households having more time for school and in case of illness, there in some money for accessing treatment.

生态影响
土壤覆盖层
减少
改良

养分循环/补给
降低
增加

土壤有机物/地下C
降低
增加

生物量/地上C
降低
增加

栖息地多样性
降低
增加

场外影响
对邻近农田的破坏
增加
减少


livestock is confined

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

The benefits far outweigh the establishment and maintenance costs. The negative on short-term returns is due to the cost of the technology (construction and procuring livestock) which is a little high for the farmers in this area.

气候变化

渐变气候
年温度 增加

非常不好
非常好
气候有关的极端情况(灾害)
局地暴雨

非常不好
非常好
干旱

非常不好
非常好

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
户数和/或覆盖面积
20 on 2 hectares
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • Technology easy to establish and maintain

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper management of the livestock
  • Helps in soil fertility management

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good manure management
  • Imporove soil cover and reduce soil erosion

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? using the manure in a proper /recommended way i.e. using it when planting or putting it in the plot before primary cultivation
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Animals are fed on selected pasture

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote the growing of that pasture
  • The technology promotes us of organic manure

    How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use of compost pits to recycle the wastes into manure
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • The technology may contribute to loss of vegetation Planting pasture & other grass for feeding the animals

参考文献

编制者
  • Wilson Bamwerinde
Editors
审查者
  • Fabian Ottiger
  • Alexandra Gavilano
实施日期: May 20, 2013
上次更新: Aug. 8, 2019
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Kagera TAMP project website: http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International