A farm under a mucuna (velvet bean) cover crop (William Akwanyi)

Permanent soil cover (肯尼亚)

描述

Permanent soil cover with cover crops and/or crop residues helps to control soil erosion, suppress weeds and build up soil fertility. It can also add organic matter to the soil.

Permanent soil cover is having all-year-round cover on the soil. This can be either in the form of cover crops which are either planted with other crops at the same time, or relay planted later in the season after the main crops have established, or in the form of crop residues (mulch) which is naturally decomposed by microbes. Permanent soil cover provides a shield or umbrella to the soil protecting it from the heat of the sun and the impact of rain. It makes up a fundamental component of conservation agriculture where minimum tillage reduces soil disturbance.

Some of the crops used for permanent soil cover [those promoted by the ProSoil project] include Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean), Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, and Desmodium intortum. All of these are legumes, which fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, thus improving soil fertility. In choosing a cover crop, farmers prefer those that fit into their normal cropping systems, and which have multiple purposes, including those that produce edible seeds and vegetables, those that improve soil fertility, those that can be used as animal fodder, and those that can suppress weeds. Some farmers prefer crops that can provide firewood or fencing material and those that can be used for medicinal purposes. Another important factor that farmers consider when choosing a cover crop is the amount and type of work that the cover crop will need, for example for land preparation before planting, weeding, and producing and harvesting the seeds. The crops most preferred are those that cover the soil quickly and completely, and which can also be used for food and fodder, including mucuna. Farmers also like mucuna because of its big pods and grains that are easier to deal with. Farmers can easily multiply mucuna seeds since they do not require complicated treatments; hence, do not need to continue spending money on the seeds.

In establishing a permanent soil cover using cover crops, farmers first intercrop seasonal crops (e.g., maize and beans) and later introduce a green manure cover crop (e.g., mucuna) after about 6 weeks (or at the time when the beans start to produce pods) to ensure that the green manure cover crop does not suppress the main crop(s). The maize is planted at 75 cm row spacing and 25 cm between plants in the same row. However, within each row, the third hole/ space is left for the cover crop (i.e., mucuna). Thus, mucuna is planted after every three maize plants in the same row. The bean intercrop is planted between the maize rows at the spacing of 37.5 cm from the maize row and 20 cm between bean plants in the same row. This spacing requires about 5 kg of cover crop (mucuna) seeds per acre. The crops continue to grow together and upon harvesting the main crops, the cover crop continues to grow on the farm covering the soil until the following cropping season.

Permanent soil cover is beneficial in the farm in various ways including, enhancing soil water infiltration, protecting soil from agents of erosion, increasing soil organic matter, suppressing weeds, aiding in nutrient cycling, and improving the habitat of soil micro- and macro-organisms. Maintaining permanent soil cover through mulching faces some limitations, including competing uses of crop residues e.g., as animal feeds and fuel. Similarly, drought may be a major limitation to maintaining permanent soil cover using cover crops, especially in areas that receive very low rainfall and where the farmer has not invested in irrigation.

地点

地点: Kisa Central Ward in Khwisero Sub-county; and Koyonzo and Khalaba wards in Matungu Sub-county, Kakamega County in western Kenya, 肯尼亚

分析的技术场所数量: 2-10个场所

选定地点的地理参考
  • 34.58472, 0.14269

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 2021

介绍类型
Mucuna cover crop after the main crop (maize) has been harvested (William Akwanyi)
Mulching using maize stover (William Onura)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 是 - 农林牧业

  • 农田
    • 一年一作: 饲料作物 - 其他, 饲料作物 - 草, 谷物类 - 玉米, 蔬菜 - 其他, 蔬菜 - 香瓜、南瓜、南瓜或葫芦, 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子. Cropping system: 玉米/高粱/谷子与豆类间作
    • 多年一作(非木材): 香蕉/芭蕉/蕉麻, 饲料作物 - 草, fodder crops - legumes, clover
    • 乔木与灌木的种植: 饲料树木(朱缨花属、银合欢、前庭草等), 鳄梨, 水果、其他, 芒果、山竹果、番石榴, 木瓜
    每年的生长季节数: 2
    采用间作制度了吗?: 是
    采用轮作制度了吗?: 是
  • 牧场
    • 收割和携带/零放牧
    • 改良牧场
    动物类型: 牛 - 奶制品, cattle - dairy and beef (e.g. zebu), 家禽
    是否实行作物与牲畜的综合管理?: 是
    产品和服务: economic security, investment prestige, 奶类, manure as fertilizer/ energy production, 蛋类, 肉类
      品种计数
      牛 - 奶制品1
      cattle - dairy and beef (e.g. zebu)2
      家禽20

    供水
    • 雨养
    • 混合雨水灌溉
    • 充分灌溉

    土地退化相关的目的
    • 防止土地退化
    • 减少土地退化
    • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
    • 适应土地退化
    • 不适用
    解决的退化问题
    • 土壤水蚀 - Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
    • 土壤风蚀 - Et:表土流失
    • 化学性土壤退化 - Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
    • 物理性土壤退化 - Pc:压实
    • 生物性退化 - Bc:植被覆盖的减少, Bs:质量和物种组成/多样性的下降
    • 水质恶化 - Ha:干旱化
    SLM组
    • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
    • 最小的土壤扰动
    • 土壤肥力综合管理
    SLM措施
    • 农艺措施 - A1:植被和土壤覆盖层, A2:有机质/土壤肥力, A3:土壤表面处理 (A 3.1:免耕), A6:残株管理 (A 6.4:保留)

    技术图纸

    技术规范
    Maize/ mucuna spacing: row to row = 75 cm, plant to plant in the same row = 25 cm, mucuna planted in every third hole/ space in the same row
    Bean spacing: bean rows between the maize/ mucuna rows, bean row to maize/ mucuna row = 37.5 cm, plant to plant in the same row = 20 cm
    Author: William Akwanyi

    技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

    投入和成本的计算
    • 计算的成本为:每个技术区域 (尺寸和面积单位:1 acre
    • 成本计算使用的货币:KES
    • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 124.21 KES
    • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:KES 250.00
    影响成本的最重要因素
    Rate of man-days vary from one place to another, farmer to farmer, and with type of work. Exchange rate for February 2023, source: European Commission/ InfoEuro online at https://commission.europa.eu/funding-tenders/procedures-guidelines-tenders/information-contractors-and-beneficiaries/exchange-rate-inforeuro_en
    技术建立活动
    n.a.
    技术维护活动
    1. Land preparation (时间/频率: Before rains)
    2. Planting (时间/频率: After rains)
    3. Shallow weeding (时间/频率: During the second weeding of the main crop at 1.5 months)
    4. Uncoiling (e.g., mucuna from the main crop) (时间/频率: Bi-weekly)
    技术维护的投入和成本 (per 1 acre)
    对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (KES) 每项投入的总成本 (KES) 土地使用者承担的成本%
    劳动力
    Slashing Man-days 5.0 250.0 1250.0 100.0
    Sub-soiling Man-days 10.0 250.0 2500.0 100.0
    Planting Man-days 4.0 250.0 1000.0 100.0
    Shallow weeding and uncoiling (e.g., mucuna from the main crop) Man-days 9.0 250.0 2250.0 100.0
    设备
    Slasher No. 1.0 70.0 70.0
    Hand-held sub-soiler No. 1.0 70.0 70.0
    Jab planter No. 1.0 1000.0 1000.0
    Shallow weeder No. 1.0 80.0 80.0
    植物材料
    Cover crop seeds Kgs 5.0 150.0 750.0
    技术维护所需总成本 8'970.0
    技术维护总成本,美元 72.22

    自然环境

    年平均降雨量
    • < 250毫米
    • 251-500毫米
    • 501-750毫米
    • 751-1,000毫米
    • 1,001-1,500毫米
    • 1,501-2,000毫米
    • 2,001-3,000毫米
    • 3,001-4,000毫米
    • > 4,000毫米
    农业气候带
    • 潮湿的
    • 半湿润
    • 半干旱
    • 干旱
    关于气候的规范
    以毫米为单位计算的年平均降雨量:1300.0
    Monthly rainfall variability is high with some months such as January recording less than 5 mm of total rainfall.
    气象站名称:Kakamega Meteorological Station
    The climate in the area favours most agricultural activities.
    斜坡
    • 水平(0-2%)
    • 缓降(3-5%)
    • 平缓(6-10%)
    • 滚坡(11-15%)
    • 崎岖(16-30%)
    • 陡峭(31-60%)
    • 非常陡峭(>60%)
    地形
    • 高原/平原
    • 山脊
    • 山坡
    • 山地斜坡
    • 麓坡
    • 谷底
    海拔
    • 0-100 m a.s.l.
    • 101-500 m a.s.l.
    • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
    • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
    • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
    • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
    • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
    • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
    • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
    ......应用的技术
    • 凸形情况
    • 凹陷情况
    • 不相关
    土壤深度
    • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
    • 浅(21-50厘米)
    • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
    • 深(81-120厘米)
    • 非常深(> 120厘米)
    土壤质地(表土)
    • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
    • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
    • 细粒/重质(粘土)
    土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
    • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
    • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
    • 细粒/重质(粘土)
    表土有机质含量
    • 高(>3%)
    • 中(1-3%)
    • 低(<1%)
    地下水位
    • 表面上
    • < 5米
    • 5-50米
    • > 50米
    地表水的可用性
    • 过量
    • 中等
    • 匮乏/没有
    水质(未处理)
    • 良好饮用水
    • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
    • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
    • 不可用
    水质请参考: 地下水和地表水
    盐度是个问题吗?

    洪水发生
    物种多样性
    • 中等
    栖息地多样性
    • 中等

    应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

    市场定位
    • 生计(自给)
    • 混合(生计/商业)
    • 商业/市场
    非农收入
    • 低于全部收入的10%
    • 收入的10-50%
    • > 收入的50%
    相对财富水平
    • 非常贫瘠
    • 贫瘠
    • 平均水平
    • 丰富
    • 非常丰富
    机械化水平
    • 手工作业
    • 畜力牵引
    • 机械化/电动
    定栖或游牧
    • 定栖的
    • 半游牧的
    • 游牧的
    个人或集体
    • 个人/家庭
    • 团体/社区
    • 合作社
    • 员工(公司、政府)
    性别
    • 女人
    • 男人
    年龄
    • 儿童
    • 青年人
    • 中年人
    • 老年人
    每户使用面积
    • < 0.5 公顷
    • 0.5-1 公顷
    • 1-2 公顷
    • 2-5公顷
    • 5-15公顷
    • 15-50公顷
    • 50-100公顷
    • 100-500公顷
    • 500-1,000公顷
    • 1,000-10,000公顷
    • > 10,000公顷
    规模
    • 小规模的
    • 中等规模的
    • 大规模的
    土地所有权
    • 公司
    • 社区/村庄
    • 团体
    • 个人,未命名
    • 个人,有命名
    土地使用权
    • 自由进入(无组织)
    • 社区(有组织)
    • 租赁
    • 个人
    用水权
    • 自由进入(无组织)
    • 社区(有组织)
    • 租赁
    • 个人
    进入服务和基础设施的通道
    健康

    贫瘠
    教育

    贫瘠
    技术援助

    贫瘠
    就业(例如非农)

    贫瘠
    市场

    贫瘠
    能源

    贫瘠
    道路和交通

    贫瘠
    金融服务

    贫瘠
    注释

    The above rating varies from one village to the other.

    影响

    社会经济影响
    作物生产
    降低
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: Less than 3
    SLM之后的数量: More than 7
    Quantity refers to the number of 90 Kg bags of maize produced per acre. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    作物质量
    降低
    增加


    Not easy to quantify. The crops do better compared to how they could do in the past, yet he does not use inorganic fertilizers. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    饲料生产
    降低
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 2
    SLM之后的数量: 5
    Quantity refers to harvesting cycles per year for nappier grass from the same farm. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    饲料质量
    降低
    增加


    Not easy to quantify. Fodder does better compared to how it was before the technology. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    畜牧生产
    降低
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 2
    SLM之后的数量: 5
    Quantity refers to the amount of milk in litres from one cow. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    生产故障风险
    增加
    降低

    SLM之前的数量: 70
    SLM之后的数量: 40
    Quantity refers to the percentage probability of the crop failing to do well. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    土地管理
    妨碍
    简化


    Not easy to quantify but it is easier to prepare land through no tillage than to plough.

    农业投入费用
    增加
    降低

    SLM之前的数量: 10,000
    SLM之后的数量: 0
    Quantity refers to the amount of money in Kenya shillings spend on inorganic fertilizers in a season. The farmer no longer buys money inorganic fertilizers. Based on the farmer's experience.

    收入来源的多样性
    降低
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 2
    SLM之后的数量: 3
    Quantity refers to the number of household income sources.

    工作量
    增加
    降低


    Not easy to quantify but it is easier to prepare land through no tillage than to plough.

    社会文化影响
    食品安全/自给自足
    减少
    改良

    SLM之前的数量: 3
    SLM之后的数量: 1
    Quantity refers to the number of months in a year when there is total lack of food in the house, and the farmer has to buy all the food required in the house. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    SLM/土地退化知识
    减少
    改良


    Refers to the estimated percentage of knowledge in SLM/ land management. Based on the farmer's estimate. His knowledge in SLM has greatly increased.

    生态影响
    土壤水分
    降低
    增加


    Refers to the farmer's estimated soil moisture content during the dry season when soil moisture challenges are expected to be high.

    土壤覆盖层
    减少
    改良

    SLM之前的数量: 40
    SLM之后的数量: 60
    Quantity refers to the farmer's estimated percentage soil cover at the farm.

    土壤流失
    增加
    降低


    Not easy for the farmer to quantify. According to him, soil erosion has reduced.

    土壤堆积
    降低
    增加


    Not easy for the farmer to quantify. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    养分循环/补给
    降低
    增加


    Not easy for the farmer to quantify. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    土壤有机物/地下C
    降低
    增加


    Not easy to quantify as there is no data. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    植被覆盖层
    降低
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 30
    SLM之后的数量: 60
    Quantity refers to the farmer's estimated percentage vegetation cover at the farm.

    生物量/地上C
    降低
    增加


    Not easy for the farmer to quantify. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    植物多样性
    降低
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 4
    SLM之后的数量: 11
    Quantity refers to the number of plants (crops) that the farmer establishes at the farm. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    外来入侵物种
    增加
    减少

    SLM之前的数量: 6
    SLM之后的数量: 4
    Quality refers to the number of species of weeds and invasive plants at the farm. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    栖息地多样性
    降低
    增加


    Not easy for the farmer to quantify. Based on the farmer's estimate.

    场外影响
    缓冲/过滤能力(按土壤、植被、湿地划分)
    减少
    改良


    No recorded data is available for reference. All are estimates based on the farmer's explanation or as given by him.

    成本效益分析

    与技术建立成本相比的效益
    短期回报
    非常消极
    非常积极

    长期回报
    非常消极
    非常积极

    与技术维护成本相比的效益
    短期回报
    非常消极
    非常积极

    长期回报
    非常消极
    非常积极

    气候变化

    渐变气候
    年温度 增加

    非常不好
    非常好
    季节性温度 增加

    非常不好
    非常好
    季节: 旱季

    采用和适应

    采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
    • 单例/实验
    • 1-10%
    • 11-50%
    • > 50%
    在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
    • 0-10%
    • 11-50%
    • 51-90%
    • 91-100%
    最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
    什么样的变化条件?
    • 气候变化/极端气候
    • 不断变化的市场
    • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

    结论和吸取的教训

    长处: 土地使用者的观点
    • Improves fertility at the farm, especially when nitrogen-fixing cover crops are used.
    • Reduces cost of labour i.e., no need to plough under conservation agriculture.
    长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
    • Plant cover contributes to carbon sequestration.
    • Conserves soil moisture and protects soil resulting in increased yields.
    弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
    • Some cover crops such as mucuna suppress other crops. Regular checking to remove mucuna that attempts to coil on other crops.
    弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服

    参考文献

    编制者
    • William Akwanyi
    Editors
    • Innocent Faith
    • Noel Templer
    • Leah Munala
    • Tabitha Nekesa
    • Ahmadou Gaye
    • Siagbé Golli
    审查者
    • William Critchley
    • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
    • Sally Bunning
    实施日期: March 18, 2023
    上次更新: April 30, 2024
    资源人
    WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
    链接的SLM数据
    文件编制者
    机构 项目
    This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International