方法

Mugie Resource Sharing and Livestock to Markets Program [肯尼亚]

创建： 03/02/2018 8:29 a.m.
更新： 11/02/2021 12:17 p.m.
编制者： Peter Tyrrell
编辑者： Henry Bailey
审查者： Hanspeter Liniger, Rima Mekdaschi Studer, Donia Mühlematter, Joana Eichenberger

Mugie Trading Stock (MTS)

approaches_3427 - 肯尼亚

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1. 一般信息

2. SLM方法的描述

2.1 该方法的简要说明

Selected livestock are bought from the communities, then fattened and marketed by the Mugie conservancy management on a ‘resource sharing’ basis – generating income for both the conservancy and the community. This encourages the development of local value chains and market-based incentives for better rangeland management and animal husbandry outside the conservancy area. Breeding, agricultural shows and on-going education in sustainable rangeland management provide support for the longer-term.

2.2 该方法的详细说明

该方法的详细说明:

Mugie conservancy is a private company covering nearly 20,000 hectares. It is involved in ecotourism, wildlife conservation and livestock production. Simultaneously, Mugie cooperates with community members surrounding the conservancy by fattening and marketing their cattle. Both parties share in the risks and successes of the initiative – and this is key to building trust. Community livestock owners ‘resource share’ in the program by supplying selected animals in line with standards and a quota stipulated by the conservancy. Currently the cattle are weighed and graded at the conservancy headquarters, but a purpose-built facility on the edge of the conservancy is being constructed for this purpose.
While the conservancy manages the livestock from the community, there is a joint stake in the livestock as the eventual profits are divided. The conservancy takes over full management of the livestock from the community members including herding and grazing, dipping, providing veterinary treatment, monitoring weight, marketing and sales. The division and remittance of funds generated is according to the contract agreed with the community committee. Contracts vary in nature and are often no more than just verbal agreements based on trust. The original owners have visiting rights on Saturdays during weighing and the spray-race, where they inspect their animals and interact with conservancy livestock staff.

The program aims to build value chains, encourage livestock businesses and the local economy through provision of a fair price market for local communities’ products. It also strives to build peace across communities and ethnicities - there is no room for fighting when talking business. Developing market-based incentives to produce better quality livestock is another aim, thus stimulating improved rangeland management and a higher standard of animal husbandry. It is also hoped to build a sustainable livestock business for the conservancy to pay for its wildlife and biodiversity conservation efforts - because conservation doesn’t pay for itself and tourism is volatile, and can’t cover conservations costs in most situations.
The total turnover of the program to-date (April 2018) is approx. US $ 825,000. The conservancy takes 10% of the sales, plus US $ 4.00 per animal per month to cover grazing, animal health and management. Cattle are sold live to various brokers and dealers, depending on the market conditions and the quality of the cattle.
This process of community participation and partnership building is nurtured and reinforced in various ways: (i) through continuous outdoor meetings (updates on changes needed to agreements; requirements for livestock; updating on conditions of the market; talking about the need to maintain a supply of high quality livestock through better rangeland management, etc.); (ii) by development of community committees; (iii) establishing community SACCOs (co-operatives registered with the county government); and (iv) drawing up contracts between the committees and the conservancy.

The implementation of this approach is an ongoing, dynamic and ever-evolving process. However the broad sequence is as follows: (i) introduction of the approach to communities, encouraging them to embrace the idea of improving livestock quality and to enter into an agreement with the conservancy, (ii) formation of committees within the community to ensure that livestock owners are heard and can agree the value of livestock, as well as avenues for communication, complaints and negotiations, (iii) negotiation of contracts with these committees, covering revenue sharing and proposed number of livestock involved, (iv) livestock management, fattening and marketing by Mugie conservancy, (v) continuous monitoring and reviews.
As implementation progresses there are also breeding schemes to introduce better genetic material into community livestock. These improved breeds produce cattle of higher quality for the beef market. Ongoing education and an annual agricultural show increase the potential and awareness of sustainable range management approaches and opportunities to all members of surrounding communities, including livestock producers: men, women and the youth.

2.3 该方法的照片

媒体库

2.5 采用该方法的国家/地区/地点

国家:

肯尼亚

区域/州/省:

Laikipia

有关地点的进一步说明:

Louniek region

2.6 该方法的开始和终止日期

注明开始年份:

2017

若不知道准确的年份，请注明该方法的大致开始日期。:

不到10年前（最近）

2.7 方法的类型

最近的本地倡议/创新

2.8 该方法的主要目的/目标

1. Promote peace & stability
2. Incentivise and educate in sustainable rangeland management and use of natural resources
3. Provide local market opportunities
4. Encourage and educate in responsible livestock production in rural areas
5. Encourage local economic growth
6. Ensure sustainable food production
7. Encourage the formation of strong institutions in the area (such as co-operatives, businesses and business-orientated group ranches)

2.9 推动或妨碍实施本办法所适用的技术的条件

社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观

启动

The use of traditional structures of elders is a great help in bringing members of local communities on board with the program, especially within the Pokot ethnic group.

阻碍

Traditional social structures amongst pastoralist communities are commonly collapsing, and therefore the prevailing social norm is for people to try to benefit themselves rather than helping the community at large. Moreover, traditional social structures are dominated by men. Most approaches target elders and warrior age sets to try and distribute knowledge of rangeland management and therefore they do not reach those actually doing the majority of animal husbandry work and having the greatest impact upon the rangelands and biodiversity - namely the women and children.

财务资源和服务的可用性/可得性

启动

There has been an initial boost in the area from some banking services to help communities open bank accounts, and encourage the formation of cooperatives. Using these institutions greatly reduces the burden of program administration.

阻碍

The majority of people in the area do not have local access to financial institutions. This creates a problem, as without the foundation of trust/insurance that financial services bring, facilitating sustainable trade, community members don't have the will or ability to invest in productive activities such as sustainable rangeland management and animal husbandry.

法律框架（土地使用权、土地和水使用权）

阻碍

The sub-division of historical ranches in the area has been done on a scale that creates blocks that are too small (12-20 hectare plots) for sustainable livestock activities to be supported. Most of these do not have their own sources of water and this sub-division of the landscape means the greater area is not being managed to maintain essential ecosystem services such as the preservation of groundwater, soils, native forest or grassland biodiversity.

政策

启动

The 'Amaya Initiative' that has been set up by the current Governor of Laikipia to boost cooperation between between regional county governments has had initial successes in assisting the project through increased security and encouraging peace and stability. It has yet to provide other enabling functions such as control of cattle movement to prevent disease, encouraging/facilitating markets, etc.

土地治理（决策、实施和执行）

阻碍

The lack of law enforcement controlling the movement of livestock hinders efforts to implement value adding techniques and approaches in sustainable rangeland management and associated livestock management approaches through disease, livestock theft, and unregulated utilisation of natural resources. The lack of enforcement of laws supporting the rights of landowners and businesses discourages investment on any scale. The penalties for transgressing some of these laws are also very weak and not commensurate with the risks that their breaches pose to landowners.

了解SLM，获得技术支持

阻碍

The basic understanding of lifecycles of common wild fodder plants is lacking. This means that the majority of community led initiatives to manage natural resources and mitigate against climate based crises cause more harm to sustainable land management efforts in the medium to long term.

市场(购买投入，销售产品)和价格

阻碍

Poor market access makes it difficult to sustain the program across all the potential revenue situations. There are good markets for well-finished livestock. However, culled cows, for instance, cannot be sold - and these continue to drain resources, both financial and natural. Institutions with large contracts that could provide offtake for such animals do not offer market prices that are sustainable for local businesses. The development of local infrastructure in marketing inputs (medicines, feeds, supplements, extension services, etc.), and value chain addition (slaughter houses, canning factories, cold chain storage, etc.) would help break apparent monopolies that seem to be retarding local markets.

工作量、人力资源可用性

阻碍

There is a lack of availability of manpower with the correct skills and training in administration and management and with an understanding and willingness to work in the agricultural sector.

其他

阻碍

Availability of seed funds to encourage entrepreneurship and development of local businesses. Most funds seem to be channelled through NGOs who have an aversion to partnership in commercial ventures. Many training sessions that are run by NGOs in surrounding pastoralist areas, when discussing potential stakeholders, rarely mention local businesses. This serves to develop societies and communities reliant on handouts, unwilling to develop their local value chains. The prevailing NGO, development and aid attitude that avoids large for-profit businesses needs to change. Such businesses can be a lynchpin in regional value chains that encourage sustainable approaches, as they guarantee local supply chains and local customer bases, raising local economies, peace and strong institutions.

3. 相关利益相关者的参与和角色

3.1 该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责

当地土地使用者/当地社区

Land and livestock owners from the immediate area surrounding the private conservancy (from the Pokot, Samburu & Turkana tribes).

Local land users/communities make committees to allocate quotas of livestock to come in to the MTS resource sharing and livestock-to-market program. It is also their responsibility to continue to bring suitable animals for the program. The committees are those to communicate changes and updates to the terms of agreement to the wider community and to help mediate in disputes.

社区组织

Chemiot SACCO - a Pokot youth cooperative set up in the wake of starting the MTS scheme.

Mugie wishes to encourage the development of strong institutions in the area. Mugie hopes increasingly to deal with SACCOs as opposed to committees.

SLM专家/农业顾问

RPLRP (Regional Pastoralist Livelihoods Resilience Program) and NDMA (National Drought Management Authority).

Currently, these stakeholders have shown an interest in the project and wish to see how it can be scaled up.

研究人员

Masters and Doctorate students

There has been a little interest from these stakeholders in using the information and databases developed by Mugie. However there has been no feedback and little uptake from them.

私营部门

Mugie Conservancy, various Mugie Trade partners.

To manage the livestock, to finish (fatten) them for the market, market the livestock, remit funds from sales, manage the contracts, provide education on improved rangeland management and animal husbandry. Trade partners provide other inputs and access to markets.

地方政府

Laikipia County Government, Samburu County Government, Baringo County Government

The respective county governments have shown interest in supporting and further developing the MTS program in order to help develop strong institutions, economy, businesses opportunities and rehabilitate rangelands for better livelihoods in the Amaya Triangle area.

如果涉及多个利益相关者，请注明领导机构:

Mugie Conservancy

3.2 当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段

	当地土地使用者/当地社区的参与	指定参与人员并描述活动
启动/动机	互动	Both Mugie conservancy and local land users were involved in negotiations over the period of conflict around the 2017 Kenya presidential elections - out of this innovative resource sharing approaches were developed to benefit all stakeholders.
计划	互动	Community leaders were presented with the options and limitations by Mugie management. Committees were then formed under several different themes, and they then negotiated contracts.
实施	互动	Community committees continue to be the main point of contact as the program develops organically, balancing the market, environment and needs of various stakeholders. However, the main implementer continues to be Mugie but with integrated community support. Changes in the market are seeing more individual community members using the scheme to market livestock themselves without Mugie involvement, but using the reputation of the brand.
监测/评估	互动	Communities raise problems that occur and work hand in hand with Mugie management to resolve issues.

3.4 有关SLM技术选择的决策

具体说明谁有权决定选择要实施的技术:

主要是SLM专家，咨询土地使用者之后

解释:

Mugie handles the administration of the program and therefore decides on what technologies best fit their management requirements. Communities are always consulted on all changes and developments of the program.

明确做出决策的依据:

对充分记录的SLM知识进行评估（基于证据的决策）
研究结果
个人经验和意见（无记录）

4. 技术支持、能力建设和知识管理

4.1 能力建设/培训

是否为土地使用者/其他利益相关者提供培训？:

是

明确受训人员:

土地使用者
现场工作人员/顾问

培训形式:

在职
农民对农民
示范区域
公开会议

涵盖的主题:

Grazing management, rangeland management (planning), Lifecycles of plants, water cycling, solar cycling, mineral cycling, importance of suitable breeds, market awareness, forming (SACCO), Basic business planning.

4.2 咨询服务

土地使用者有权使用咨询服务吗？:

否

4.3 机构强化（组织发展）

是否通过这种方法建立或加强了机构？:

是，适度

具体说明机构的强化或建立程度:

本地
区域

说明机构、角色和职责、成员等。:

Cooperatives (SACCOs), Community Conservancies, Local businesses.

具体说明支持类型:

能力建设/培训

4.4 监测和评估

监测和评估是该方法的一部分吗？:

是

若是，该文件是否用于监测和评估？:

是

4.5 研究

研究是该方法的一部分吗?

是

明确话题:

社会学
经济/市场营销
生态学
技术

提供进一步的细节，并指出是谁做的研究:

Project developers from Mugie.

5. 融资和外部物质支持

5.1 该方法中SLM组成部分的年度预算

如果不知道准确的年度预算，请给出一个范围:

2,000-10,000

注释（例如主要的资助来源/主要捐助者）:

All funding presently from Mugie. The program could be greatly improved with outside funding, donations or support.

5.2 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援

土地使用者是否获得实施该技术的财政/物质支持？:

否

5.3 对特定投入的补贴（包括劳动力）

设备

具体说明哪些投入得到了补贴	程度如何	对补贴做出具体说明

工具	部分融资	Microchipping for Electronic identification of cattle from Kenya Vetinary Association (KVA)

如果土地使用者的劳动力是一项重要的投入，那么是不是:

自愿

5.4 信用

是否根据SLM活动的方法给予信用值？:

否

5.5 其它激励或手段

是否有其他激励措施或工具用于促进SLM技术的实施？:

否

6. 影响分析和结论性陈述

6.1 方法的影响

该方法是否有助于当地土地使用者，提高利益相关者的参与度？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Local landowners have a financial market based incentive to protect the main conservation area and increase/explore rehabilitation efforts on their own land.

这种方法是否有助于基于证据的决策？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Detailed records were kept from the beginning and consulted as evidence for changes to the approach as the program developed

该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

The program is still relatively new - but there has been strong evidence of changing attitudes towards better rangeland management.

该方法是否提高了SLM的协调性和成本效益？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

The proper management of cattle is helping to manage grasses and reduce the burden on overgrazed areas within the landscape.

该方法是否调动/改善了使用财务资源实施SLM的途径？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Funding for this has yet to be provided for the area.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者实施土地管理的知识和能力？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Considerable training has been carried out and discussions have been held with all of the communities surrounding the main conservation area of Mugie, greatly increasing their knowledge - capacity however relies upon security, access to market incentive to implement SLM and above all security of resources and land tenure.

该方法是否提高了其他利益相关者的知识和能力？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Training of, and discussions with, other stakeholders have taken place too, raising wider awareness of the major issues and driving causes of rangeland degradation in the area.

该方法是否建立/加强了机构、利益相关者之间的合作？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Yes, and continues to do so. The approach shows and provides a framework for further cooperation in economic development, peace building and education as well as sustainable land management and safeguarding of biodiversity.

该方法是否缓解了冲突？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

It has led to great stability in the area and opened up lines of dialogues between different communities, ethnicities, areas, and local government.

该方法是否有助于社会和经济弱势群体？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

The approach has allowed socially and economically disadvantaged groups to benefit from the administration and financial services from Mugie Conservancy and has enabled investments that have shown as much as 37% return on investments for socially and economically disadvantaged groups that otherwise would never have happened.

该方法是否改善了性别平等并赋予女性权力？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Although this impact has been small, now that trust with communities has been built, further resource sharing products are being developed within the approach to target these groups specifically.

该方法是否鼓励年轻人/下一代土地使用者参与SLM？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

The Mugie Rangeland and Pastoralist Show (an agricultural show for pastoralists) welcomes all the family and makes them aware of the issues and potential for change through SLM technologies and approaches.

该方法是否改善了阻碍SLM技术实施的土地使用权/用户权问题？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

This lies within the government's power to change. However, there is a lack of understanding of what the problem actually is, even from local and national government.

该方法是否改善了粮食安全/改善了营养？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

该方法是否改善了市场准入？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

该方法是否改善了供水和卫生条件？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Not yet, but as the approach goes forward. Those participating from more affluent social groups will be charged a premium. This will be used for extension services that improve these areas. Education is being given around the potential for communities to develop their own local water cooperatives.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者适应气候变化/极端情况和减轻气候相关灾害的能力？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

By providing basic financial services, land users can start guaranteeing funds and plans available for climate related disasters. The education and knowledge being provided also increases this capacity, and the off take of animals to finish on managed rangeland for market provides resilience all year round regardless of drought.

该方法是否会带来就业、收入机会？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

There has been a huge injection of funds into the area through this approach. Employment has also increased through the scheme and can continue to do so as it grows.

6.2 土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机

增加生产

增加利润（能力），提高成本效益比

减少土地退化

降低灾害风险

声望、社会压力/社会凝聚

提高SLM知识和技能

美学改进

冲突缓解

6.3 方法活动的可持续性

土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施（无外部支持的情况下）？:

不确定

若否或不确定，请具体说明并予以注释:

At the time of writing the approach is still less than a year old and this remains to be seen.

6.4 该方法的长处/优点

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Benefits from the increase in the value of cattle. Few other livestock programs achieve this.
It has created peace in the area.
There are now opportunities for business growth opening up in the area.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
This is a key stepping stone in creating resilience in the area and rehabilitating degraded land through the financial market based incentives provided through the approach.
The approach has provided the necessary financial services and a sustainable road map forward to alleviate poverty through the changing of local attitudes from a wealth based society where the tragedy of the commons is degrading landscapes and societal structures, into a cash based society with strong institutions, a sustainable way of life and future.
Increase in peace and stability can further provide an incentive for local land users to invest in SLM practices and the return of biodiversity.

6.5 该方法的弱点/缺点以及克服它们的方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Changeability of the market and lack of guaranteed prices.	Further banding together to guarantee good products (livestock) dependent upon sustainable rangeland management and agreed contracts with wholesalers.
Still a lack of good rangeland outside of the main conservation area of Mugie	Further increase stability and peace in the area and develop cooperatives of landowners who can rehabilitate and manage their land sustainably using economies of scale. This requires further guarantees of the markets and their products.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Administrative burden is huge and might prevent replication of the approach to organisations without a body of well-educated staff.	Development of a resource sharing management application (App).
Corruption in the markets and with large-scale contracts for livestock products