Approches

Mugie Resource Sharing and Livestock to Markets Program [Kenya]

Création : 2 mars 2018 08:29
Mise à jour : 2 nov. 2021 12:17
Compilateur : Peter Tyrrell
Rédacteur : Henry Bailey
Examinateurs : Hanspeter Liniger, Rima Mekdaschi Studer, Donia Mühlematter, Joana Eichenberger

Mugie Trading Stock (MTS)

approaches_3427 - Kenya

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1. Informations générales

2. Description de l'Approche de GDT

2.1 Courte description de l'Approche

Selected livestock are bought from the communities, then fattened and marketed by the Mugie conservancy management on a ‘resource sharing’ basis – generating income for both the conservancy and the community. This encourages the development of local value chains and market-based incentives for better rangeland management and animal husbandry outside the conservancy area. Breeding, agricultural shows and on-going education in sustainable rangeland management provide support for the longer-term.

2.2 Description détaillée de l'Approche

Description détaillée de l'Approche:

Mugie conservancy is a private company covering nearly 20,000 hectares. It is involved in ecotourism, wildlife conservation and livestock production. Simultaneously, Mugie cooperates with community members surrounding the conservancy by fattening and marketing their cattle. Both parties share in the risks and successes of the initiative – and this is key to building trust. Community livestock owners ‘resource share’ in the program by supplying selected animals in line with standards and a quota stipulated by the conservancy. Currently the cattle are weighed and graded at the conservancy headquarters, but a purpose-built facility on the edge of the conservancy is being constructed for this purpose.
While the conservancy manages the livestock from the community, there is a joint stake in the livestock as the eventual profits are divided. The conservancy takes over full management of the livestock from the community members including herding and grazing, dipping, providing veterinary treatment, monitoring weight, marketing and sales. The division and remittance of funds generated is according to the contract agreed with the community committee. Contracts vary in nature and are often no more than just verbal agreements based on trust. The original owners have visiting rights on Saturdays during weighing and the spray-race, where they inspect their animals and interact with conservancy livestock staff.

The program aims to build value chains, encourage livestock businesses and the local economy through provision of a fair price market for local communities’ products. It also strives to build peace across communities and ethnicities - there is no room for fighting when talking business. Developing market-based incentives to produce better quality livestock is another aim, thus stimulating improved rangeland management and a higher standard of animal husbandry. It is also hoped to build a sustainable livestock business for the conservancy to pay for its wildlife and biodiversity conservation efforts - because conservation doesn’t pay for itself and tourism is volatile, and can’t cover conservations costs in most situations.
The total turnover of the program to-date (April 2018) is approx. US $ 825,000. The conservancy takes 10% of the sales, plus US $ 4.00 per animal per month to cover grazing, animal health and management. Cattle are sold live to various brokers and dealers, depending on the market conditions and the quality of the cattle.
This process of community participation and partnership building is nurtured and reinforced in various ways: (i) through continuous outdoor meetings (updates on changes needed to agreements; requirements for livestock; updating on conditions of the market; talking about the need to maintain a supply of high quality livestock through better rangeland management, etc.); (ii) by development of community committees; (iii) establishing community SACCOs (co-operatives registered with the county government); and (iv) drawing up contracts between the committees and the conservancy.

The implementation of this approach is an ongoing, dynamic and ever-evolving process. However the broad sequence is as follows: (i) introduction of the approach to communities, encouraging them to embrace the idea of improving livestock quality and to enter into an agreement with the conservancy, (ii) formation of committees within the community to ensure that livestock owners are heard and can agree the value of livestock, as well as avenues for communication, complaints and negotiations, (iii) negotiation of contracts with these committees, covering revenue sharing and proposed number of livestock involved, (iv) livestock management, fattening and marketing by Mugie conservancy, (v) continuous monitoring and reviews.
As implementation progresses there are also breeding schemes to introduce better genetic material into community livestock. These improved breeds produce cattle of higher quality for the beef market. Ongoing education and an annual agricultural show increase the potential and awareness of sustainable range management approaches and opportunities to all members of surrounding communities, including livestock producers: men, women and the youth.

2.3 Photos de l'approche

Galerie Médias

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où l'Approche a été appliquée

Pays:

Kenya

Région/ Etat/ Province:

Laikipia

Autres spécifications du lieu :

Louniek region

2.6 Dates de début et de fin de l'Approche

Indiquez l'année de démarrage:

2017

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez approximativement quand l'Approche a démarré:

il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Type d'Approche

initiative/ innovation récente locale

2.8 Principaux objectifs de l'Approche

1. Promote peace & stability
2. Incentivise and educate in sustainable rangeland management and use of natural resources
3. Provide local market opportunities
4. Encourage and educate in responsible livestock production in rural areas
5. Encourage local economic growth
6. Ensure sustainable food production
7. Encourage the formation of strong institutions in the area (such as co-operatives, businesses and business-orientated group ranches)

2.9 Conditions favorisant ou entravant la mise en œuvre de la(des) Technologie(s) appliquée(s) sous l'Approche

normes et valeurs sociales/ culturelles/ religieuses

favorise

The use of traditional structures of elders is a great help in bringing members of local communities on board with the program, especially within the Pokot ethnic group.

entrave

Traditional social structures amongst pastoralist communities are commonly collapsing, and therefore the prevailing social norm is for people to try to benefit themselves rather than helping the community at large. Moreover, traditional social structures are dominated by men. Most approaches target elders and warrior age sets to try and distribute knowledge of rangeland management and therefore they do not reach those actually doing the majority of animal husbandry work and having the greatest impact upon the rangelands and biodiversity - namely the women and children.

disponibilité/ accès aux ressources et services financiers

favorise

There has been an initial boost in the area from some banking services to help communities open bank accounts, and encourage the formation of cooperatives. Using these institutions greatly reduces the burden of program administration.

entrave

The majority of people in the area do not have local access to financial institutions. This creates a problem, as without the foundation of trust/insurance that financial services bring, facilitating sustainable trade, community members don't have the will or ability to invest in productive activities such as sustainable rangeland management and animal husbandry.

cadre juridique (régime foncier, droits d'utilisation des terres et de l'eau)

entrave

The sub-division of historical ranches in the area has been done on a scale that creates blocks that are too small (12-20 hectare plots) for sustainable livestock activities to be supported. Most of these do not have their own sources of water and this sub-division of the landscape means the greater area is not being managed to maintain essential ecosystem services such as the preservation of groundwater, soils, native forest or grassland biodiversity.

cadre politique

favorise

The 'Amaya Initiative' that has been set up by the current Governor of Laikipia to boost cooperation between between regional county governments has had initial successes in assisting the project through increased security and encouraging peace and stability. It has yet to provide other enabling functions such as control of cattle movement to prevent disease, encouraging/facilitating markets, etc.

gouvernance foncière (prise de décisions, mise en œuvre et application des décisions)

entrave

The lack of law enforcement controlling the movement of livestock hinders efforts to implement value adding techniques and approaches in sustainable rangeland management and associated livestock management approaches through disease, livestock theft, and unregulated utilisation of natural resources. The lack of enforcement of laws supporting the rights of landowners and businesses discourages investment on any scale. The penalties for transgressing some of these laws are also very weak and not commensurate with the risks that their breaches pose to landowners.

connaissances sur la GDT, accès aux supports techniques

entrave

The basic understanding of lifecycles of common wild fodder plants is lacking. This means that the majority of community led initiatives to manage natural resources and mitigate against climate based crises cause more harm to sustainable land management efforts in the medium to long term.

marchés (pour acheter les intrants, vendre les produits) et prix

entrave

Poor market access makes it difficult to sustain the program across all the potential revenue situations. There are good markets for well-finished livestock. However, culled cows, for instance, cannot be sold - and these continue to drain resources, both financial and natural. Institutions with large contracts that could provide offtake for such animals do not offer market prices that are sustainable for local businesses. The development of local infrastructure in marketing inputs (medicines, feeds, supplements, extension services, etc.), and value chain addition (slaughter houses, canning factories, cold chain storage, etc.) would help break apparent monopolies that seem to be retarding local markets.

charge de travail, disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre

entrave

There is a lack of availability of manpower with the correct skills and training in administration and management and with an understanding and willingness to work in the agricultural sector.

autre

entrave

Availability of seed funds to encourage entrepreneurship and development of local businesses. Most funds seem to be channelled through NGOs who have an aversion to partnership in commercial ventures. Many training sessions that are run by NGOs in surrounding pastoralist areas, when discussing potential stakeholders, rarely mention local businesses. This serves to develop societies and communities reliant on handouts, unwilling to develop their local value chains. The prevailing NGO, development and aid attitude that avoids large for-profit businesses needs to change. Such businesses can be a lynchpin in regional value chains that encourage sustainable approaches, as they guarantee local supply chains and local customer bases, raising local economies, peace and strong institutions.

3. Participation et rôles des parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche

3.1 Parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche et rôles

exploitants locaux des terres / communautés locales

Land and livestock owners from the immediate area surrounding the private conservancy (from the Pokot, Samburu & Turkana tribes).

Local land users/communities make committees to allocate quotas of livestock to come in to the MTS resource sharing and livestock-to-market program. It is also their responsibility to continue to bring suitable animals for the program. The committees are those to communicate changes and updates to the terms of agreement to the wider community and to help mediate in disputes.

organisations communautaires

Chemiot SACCO - a Pokot youth cooperative set up in the wake of starting the MTS scheme.

Mugie wishes to encourage the development of strong institutions in the area. Mugie hopes increasingly to deal with SACCOs as opposed to committees.

Spécialistes de la GDT/ conseillers agricoles

RPLRP (Regional Pastoralist Livelihoods Resilience Program) and NDMA (National Drought Management Authority).

Currently, these stakeholders have shown an interest in the project and wish to see how it can be scaled up.

chercheurs

Masters and Doctorate students

There has been a little interest from these stakeholders in using the information and databases developed by Mugie. However there has been no feedback and little uptake from them.

secteur privé

Mugie Conservancy, various Mugie Trade partners.

To manage the livestock, to finish (fatten) them for the market, market the livestock, remit funds from sales, manage the contracts, provide education on improved rangeland management and animal husbandry. Trade partners provide other inputs and access to markets.

gouvernement local

Laikipia County Government, Samburu County Government, Baringo County Government

The respective county governments have shown interest in supporting and further developing the MTS program in order to help develop strong institutions, economy, businesses opportunities and rehabilitate rangelands for better livelihoods in the Amaya Triangle area.

Si plusieurs parties prenantes sont impliquées, indiquez l'organisme chef de file ou l'institution responsable:

Mugie Conservancy

3.2 Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales aux différentes phases de l'Approche

	Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales	Spécifiez qui était impliqué et décrivez les activités
initiation/ motivation	interactive	Both Mugie conservancy and local land users were involved in negotiations over the period of conflict around the 2017 Kenya presidential elections - out of this innovative resource sharing approaches were developed to benefit all stakeholders.
planification	interactive	Community leaders were presented with the options and limitations by Mugie management. Committees were then formed under several different themes, and they then negotiated contracts.
mise en œuvre	interactive	Community committees continue to be the main point of contact as the program develops organically, balancing the market, environment and needs of various stakeholders. However, the main implementer continues to be Mugie but with integrated community support. Changes in the market are seeing more individual community members using the scheme to market livestock themselves without Mugie involvement, but using the reputation of the brand.
suivi/ évaluation	interactive	Communities raise problems that occur and work hand in hand with Mugie management to resolve issues.

3.4 Prises de décision pour la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies

Indiquez qui a décidé de la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies à mettre en œuvre:

principalement les spécialistes de la GDT, après consultation des exploitants des terres

Expliquez:

Mugie handles the administration of the program and therefore decides on what technologies best fit their management requirements. Communities are always consulted on all changes and developments of the program.

Spécifiez sur quelle base ont été prises les décisions:

l'évaluation de connaissances bien documentées en matière de GDT (prises de décision fondées sur des preuves tangibles)?
les résultats de recherches?
expériences et opinions personnelles (non documentées)

4. Soutien technique, renforcement des capacités et gestion des connaissances

4.1 Renforcement des capacités/ formation

Une formation a-t-elle été dispensée aux exploitants des terres/ autres parties prenantes?

Oui

Spécifiez qui a été formé:

exploitants des terres
personnels/ conseillers de terrain

Formats de la formation:

sur le tas
entre agriculteurs (d'exploitants à exploitants)
zones de démonstration
réunions publiques

Thèmes abordés:

Grazing management, rangeland management (planning), Lifecycles of plants, water cycling, solar cycling, mineral cycling, importance of suitable breeds, market awareness, forming (SACCO), Basic business planning.

4.2 Service de conseils

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils accès à un service de conseils?

Non

4.3 Renforcement des institutions (développement organisationnel)

Des institutions ont elles été mises en place ou renforcées par le biais de l'Approche?

oui, modérément

Spécifiez à quel(s) niveau(x), ces institutions ont été renforcées ou mises en place:

local
régional

Décrivez l'institution, ses rôles et responsabilités, ses membres, etc.

Cooperatives (SACCOs), Community Conservancies, Local businesses.

Précisez le type de soutien:

renforcement des capacités/ formation

4.4 Suivi et évaluation

Le suivi et l'évaluation font ils partie de l'Approche? :

Oui

Si oui, ce document est-il destiné à être utilisé pour le suivi et l'évaluation?

Oui

4.5 Recherche

La recherche a-t-elle fait partie intégrante de l’Approche?

Oui

Spécifiez les thèmes:

sociologie
économie/ marketing
écologie
technologie

Donnez plus de détails et indiquez qui a mené ces recherches:

Project developers from Mugie.

5. Financement et soutien matériel externe

5.1 Budget annuel de la composante GDT de l'Approche

Si le budget annuel précis n'est pas connu, indiquez une fourchette:

2 000-10 000

Commentez (par ex. principales sources de financement/ principaux bailleurs de fonds):

All funding presently from Mugie. The program could be greatly improved with outside funding, donations or support.

5.2 Soutiens financiers/ matériels fournis aux exploitants des terres

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils reçu un soutien financier/ matériel pour la mise en œuvre de la Technologie/ des Technologies?

Non

5.3 Subventions pour des intrants spécifiques (incluant la main d'œuvre)

équipement

Spécifiez les intrants subventionnés	Dans quelle mesure	Spécifiez les subventions

outils	en partie financé	Microchipping for Electronic identification of cattle from Kenya Vetinary Association (KVA)

Si la main d'œuvre fournie par les exploitants des terres était un intrant substantiel, elle était:

volontaire

5.4 Crédits

Des crédits ont-ils été alloués à travers l'Approche pour les activités de GDT?

Non

5.5 Autres incitations ou instruments

D'autres incitations ou instruments ont-ils été utilisés pour promouvoir la mise en œuvre des Technologies de GDT?

Non

6. Analyses d'impact et conclusions

6.1 Impacts de l'Approche

Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les exploitants locaux des terres, amélioré la participation des parties prenantes?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Local landowners have a financial market based incentive to protect the main conservation area and increase/explore rehabilitation efforts on their own land.

Est-ce que l'Approche a permis la prise de décisions fondées sur des données probantes?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Detailed records were kept from the beginning and consulted as evidence for changes to the approach as the program developed

Est-ce que l'Approche a aidé les exploitants des terres à mettre en œuvre et entretenir les Technologies de GDT?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

The program is still relatively new - but there has been strong evidence of changing attitudes towards better rangeland management.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré la coordination et la mise en œuvre de la GDT selon un bon rapport coût-efficacité?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

The proper management of cattle is helping to manage grasses and reduce the burden on overgrazed areas within the landscape.

Est-ce que l'Approche a mobilisé/ amélioré l'accès aux ressources financières pour la mise en œuvre de la GDT?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Funding for this has yet to be provided for the area.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les connaissances et les capacités des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Considerable training has been carried out and discussions have been held with all of the communities surrounding the main conservation area of Mugie, greatly increasing their knowledge - capacity however relies upon security, access to market incentive to implement SLM and above all security of resources and land tenure.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les connaissances et les capacités des autres parties prenantes?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Training of, and discussions with, other stakeholders have taken place too, raising wider awareness of the major issues and driving causes of rangeland degradation in the area.

Est-ce que l'Approche a construit/ renforcé les institutions, la collaboration entre parties prenantes?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Yes, and continues to do so. The approach shows and provides a framework for further cooperation in economic development, peace building and education as well as sustainable land management and safeguarding of biodiversity.

Est-ce que l'Approche a atténué les conflits?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

It has led to great stability in the area and opened up lines of dialogues between different communities, ethnicities, areas, and local government.

Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les groupes socialement et économiquement défavorisés?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

The approach has allowed socially and economically disadvantaged groups to benefit from the administration and financial services from Mugie Conservancy and has enabled investments that have shown as much as 37% return on investments for socially and economically disadvantaged groups that otherwise would never have happened.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré l'égalité entre hommes et femmes et autonomisé les femmes et les filles?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Although this impact has been small, now that trust with communities has been built, further resource sharing products are being developed within the approach to target these groups specifically.

Est-ce que l'Approche a encouragé les jeunes/ la prochaine génération d'exploitants des terres à s'engager dans la GDT?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

The Mugie Rangeland and Pastoralist Show (an agricultural show for pastoralists) welcomes all the family and makes them aware of the issues and potential for change through SLM technologies and approaches.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les questions foncières et des droits d'utilisation qui entravent la mise en œuvre des Technologies?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

This lies within the government's power to change. However, there is a lack of understanding of what the problem actually is, even from local and national government.

Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à améliorer la sécurité alimentaire et/ou la nutrition?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré l'accès aux marchés?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à améliorer l'accès à l'eau et l'assainissement?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Not yet, but as the approach goes forward. Those participating from more affluent social groups will be charged a premium. This will be used for extension services that improve these areas. Education is being given around the potential for communities to develop their own local water cooperatives.

Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré la capacité des exploitants des terres à s'adapter aux changements/ extrêmes climatiques et a atténué les catastrophes liées au climat?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

By providing basic financial services, land users can start guaranteeing funds and plans available for climate related disasters. The education and knowledge being provided also increases this capacity, and the off take of animals to finish on managed rangeland for market provides resilience all year round regardless of drought.

Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à des emplois, des opportunités de revenus?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

There has been a huge injection of funds into the area through this approach. Employment has also increased through the scheme and can continue to do so as it grows.

6.2 Principale motivation des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT

augmenter la production

augmenter la rentabilité/ bénéfice, rapport coûts-bénéfices

réduire la dégradation des terres

réduire les risques de catastrophe

prestige, pression sociale/ cohésion sociale

améliorer les connaissances et compétences en GDT

améliorer l'esthétique

atténuer les conflits

6.3 Durabilité des activités de l'Approche

Les exploitants des terres peuvent-ils poursuivre ce qui a été mis en œuvre par le biais de l'Approche (sans soutien extérieur)?

incertain

Si non ou incertain, spécifiez et commentez:

At the time of writing the approach is still less than a year old and this remains to be seen.

6.4 Points forts/ avantages de l'Approche

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Benefits from the increase in the value of cattle. Few other livestock programs achieve this.
It has created peace in the area.
There are now opportunities for business growth opening up in the area.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
This is a key stepping stone in creating resilience in the area and rehabilitating degraded land through the financial market based incentives provided through the approach.
The approach has provided the necessary financial services and a sustainable road map forward to alleviate poverty through the changing of local attitudes from a wealth based society where the tragedy of the commons is degrading landscapes and societal structures, into a cash based society with strong institutions, a sustainable way of life and future.
Increase in peace and stability can further provide an incentive for local land users to invest in SLM practices and the return of biodiversity.

6.5 Faiblesses/ inconvénients de l'Approche et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Changeability of the market and lack of guaranteed prices.	Further banding together to guarantee good products (livestock) dependent upon sustainable rangeland management and agreed contracts with wholesalers.
Still a lack of good rangeland outside of the main conservation area of Mugie	Further increase stability and peace in the area and develop cooperatives of landowners who can rehabilitate and manage their land sustainably using economies of scale. This requires further guarantees of the markets and their products.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Administrative burden is huge and might prevent replication of the approach to organisations without a body of well-educated staff.	Development of a resource sharing management application (App).
Corruption in the markets and with large-scale contracts for livestock products