方法

Community Forest Management in the Nakina Van Panchayat [印度]

Van Panchayat

approaches_5199 - 印度

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1. 一般信息

1.2 参与方法评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人员

土地使用者:

Jagdamda Joshi

+91 90120 10885

Sarpanch of Nakina Van Panchayat

Nakina Village, Pithoragarh Bloc, Uttarakhand, India

印度

有助于对方法进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）
Onsite and Offsite Benefits of SLM
有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）
ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - 尼泊尔
有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）
G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development (G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development) - 印度

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

25/07/2019

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 SLM技术问卷的参考

Recharge Ponds and Recharge Trenches
technologies

Recharge Ponds and Recharge Trenches [印度]

Recharge ponds (Chaals or khals) and recharge trenches (khanti) are common methods to catch the surface runoff and increase the infiltration to recharge groundwater and aid in natural spring recharge in the middle mountain regions.

  • 编制者： Jaclyn Bandy
Stone Wall Fencing and Firebreak for Forest Protection
technologies

Stone Wall Fencing and Firebreak for Forest Protection [印度]

A rubble stone wall demarcates the community forest of Nakina Village and acts as a protective barrier against wildfire, wildlife, grazing, and human encroachment. The stone wall fencing is complemented by a firebreak, which is a gap of 2 meters. Firebreak establishment requires the removal of pine needles and debris …

  • 编制者： Jaclyn Bandy
Broadleaf Plantations, Assisted Tree Regeneration and Fodder Nurseries for Sustainable Forest Management
technologies

Broadleaf Plantations, Assisted Tree Regeneration and Fodder Nurseries … [印度]

Natural assisted regeneration of broadleaved species, a small oak plantation and a fodder nursery have been established in the Nakina community forest (intervention area: 10 ha), supporting fodder tree species such as Banj Oak and Falyaat, as well as various subtropical temperate fodder grass species. This has improved the livelihood …

  • 编制者： Jaclyn Bandy
Stone Check Walls and Check Dams for Soil and Water Conservation
technologies

Stone Check Walls and Check Dams for Soil … [印度]

Stone Check Dams/Walls, Retainment Walls, and a Water Diversion Wall has been constructed in Nakina Village and Nakina Community Forest to help protect their settlements, agriculture land, forest land, and preserve the hilly landscape. These structures serve to reduce the runoff velocity (lowering the rate of erosion and gullying in …

  • 编制者： Jaclyn Bandy

2. SLM方法的描述

2.1 该方法的简要说明

Van Panchayats or village forest councils are a impressive example of grassroots community management of natural resources, where a specific administrative unit is locally elected by community members who are responsible for the management of activities related to the forest.

2.2 该方法的详细说明

该方法的详细说明:

Main Characteristics: the forest council has an odd number administrative committee (9), which allows a majority rule to resolve issues. From each household, one person will have the rights to elect the committee. The administrative committee makes the rules and regulations to manage and collect the fuel wood, fodder and wood to build houses or other structures. It also has the rights to collect the charges of using forest resources or penalize trespassers. The government and other institutions recognize this committee and communities for the protection of the forest, which also make joint plans and programs under the consultation with the forest user group and administrative committee. Van Panchayats are under the administrative control of the District Magistrate, though technical assistance is provided by the Forest Department. Organizations can provide financial and technical support to the administrative committee to implement projects.

Main objectives of this approach are:
•To mobilize the communities for sustainable natural resource management and distribute forest produce in an equitable manner
•To provide the financial and technical support for the communities to protect the forest's natural resources.
•To promote technologies for the conservation of natural resources and to increase the livelihood of people
•To encourage the people to establish tree plantations, fodder nurseries, biological and structural interventions for water conservation and maintain wildlife habitat

Methodology and Implementation:
To achieve the above mentioned objectives, the following methods were adopted: the first steps involved clarifying the status of forest utilization and local peoples' livelihood, activities and demands. Initially there was collaboration with the local people and forest department to demarcate the community forest and establish the Nakina van Panchayat in 1952 (according to the Forest Council Act 1931). Awareness-raising meetings informed the local people that the community forest health is determined by their own collective management. Over 30 years ago, Nakina Van Panchayat established a plantation area designated for the propagation of several broadleaved species. This has since been a growing enterprise, and encompasses an area of 7 hectares today. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Forest Department have assisted Nakina VP with this plantation. Despite these efforts there is still a gap in production. The community expressed this persistent availability gap of their fuelwood/fodder supply, and the necessity of maintaining the oak populations for groundwater recharge and spring rejuvenation.

Under the KSLCDI (Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative) and with support from ICIMOD, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development and Nakina Van Panchayat created a plantation area supporting oak and other broadleaved species over an area of 2 hectares (2014-2016) . The community also established a small oak and fodder nursery with support from the Uttarakhand Forest Department, NGO Swati Gramodyog Sansthan (SGS) and NGO Himalayan Sewa Samiti (HSS).

Stakeholders involved and their role:
1. Broadleaf Plantation (+30 years ago, community initiated)
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), UKFD (Uttarakhand Forest Department)- funding, technical and advisory support
Nakina Van Panchayat and Nakina Community: participatory action in all phases of approach, planting, on-going maintenance

2. Oak Plantation
ICIMOD- funding
G.B Pant: project implementation, on-site advisory and technical support
UKFD (Uttarakhand Forest Department)- technical and advisory support
Nakina Van Panchayat and Nakina Community: participatory action in all phases of approach, planting, on-going maintenance

3. Fodder and Oak Nursery
Fodder Nursery: NGOs SGS, HSS- project implementation, provision of plants, planting techniques, and financial assistance
Oak Nursery- self-initiative by Nakina Van Panchayat and the forest user group (local People)
UKFD: gave technical advice and provided financial support to Nakina Van Panchayat; distributed plants and grasses
G.B Pant: organized a 7-day capacity building training in Nakina Village and supported the plantation establishment; there are ongoing projects with Nakina to develop other parts of the forest

Comments on Approach: Land users are very pleased with the success of these approaches. However they stress the need to strengthen on-going communication between various stakeholders and supporting institutions for project optimization, as well as continual support and auditing post-project. More follow up with technical experts would be highly appreciated by the land users.

2.3 该方法的照片

媒体库

2.5 采用该方法的国家/地区/地点

国家:

印度

区域/州/省:

Uttarakhand

有关地点的进一步说明:

Nakina Village, Pithoragarh Bloc

地图预览

2.6 该方法的开始和终止日期

注明开始年份:

1952

注释:

The Nakina Van Panchayat was established in 1952 and has been under the leadership of Mr. Jagdamba Joshi for the past 5 years. The broadleaf plantation started +30 years ago. no The fodder nursery was established in 2011-2012. The oak plantation and nursery was established in 2014-2016.

2.7 方法的类型

  • The approach combines efforts between traditional systems/local initiatives/and projects funded by other organizations.

2.8 该方法的主要目的/目标

Main objectives of this approach are:
•To protect and develop the forest under the jurisdiction of the Nakina Van Panchayat
•To mobilize the communities for sustainable natural resource management and distribute forest produce in an equitable manner
•To provide or seek out financial and technical support for the communities to protect the forest's natural resources.
•To promote technologies for the conservation of natural resources and to increase the livelihood of people
•To encourage the people to establish tree plantations (broadleaved species), fodder nurseries, biological and structural interventions for water/soil moisture conservation and maintain wildlife habitat.
•Deep-rooted species like oak facilitate better ground-water seepage and enhance spring discharge rates for the communities downstream

2.9 推动或妨碍实施本办法所适用的技术的条件

社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观
  • 启动
财务资源和服务的可用性/可得性
  • 启动

Under the 1976 Van Panchayat Rules, the access and authority to control funds was greatly improved and the share of forest income was increased from 40% to 80%.

  • 阻碍

A Forest Department official is placed inside each VP, controlling its activities as a joint account holder. VP proposals for using their income need prior approval from the Divisional Forest Officer, who may modify how the village institutions use their own income

机构设置
  • 启动
  • 阻碍
参与者的的协作/协调
  • 启动

In Uttarakhand, NGOs and civil society groups have historically played a strong advocacy role. The government (forest dept), NGOs, research institutions, and external organizations have been actively working together on various projects across Uttarakhand to support Van Panchayat Forest Joint Management (VFJM). For example, in 2015 total of 750 Van Panchayats in the state have been funded by the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), providing 85% of the financial support needed for forest restoration programs, as well as soil and water conservation.

  • 阻碍

Today, the NGO movement is split into different camps and factions. The vast majority has been co-opted to work as "private service providers" for several donor-funded projects, including the forestry project. Once they accept working on project terms, they effectively lose their critical and questioning voice. Consequently, the potential damage to the region’s unique Van Panchayats from VFJM has been subdued by these changes.

法律框架（土地使用权、土地和水使用权）
  • 启动
政策
  • 启动

Although there have been historical challenges around forest policies and resource use due to British colonialism, within the last 20 years or so there has been major change in Indian forest policies, Van Panchayat rules and people’s participation in forest management. In 2006, the Indian parliament passed the Forest Rights Act, which for the first time, fully recognized the rights of people over forests and other related natural resources and made these rights independent of the encroachment of forest department.

  • 阻碍

Annual plans for VP forest management are actually written by Forest Department staff and subsequently implemented with the involvement of only the Sarpanch and/or some of the elected panchayat members. Villagers are provided only wage labour and are not actively engaged in the planning process.

土地治理（决策、实施和执行）
  • 启动

The joint forest management approach (between local people and government) supports coordination with the people, ownership and access to the forest resources. Each VP can make its own rules and needs as per needs and wisdom.

  • 阻碍

Still there are unrelenting difficulties between government support/response regarding forest management in the hill regions. While some governments and communities have governed forests sustainably, others struggle to mitigate degradation or lack commitment to manage forests sustainably, as there are vested powers in the Forest Dept that limit land-users opportunity to participate in the decision making process.

了解SLM，获得技术支持
  • 启动

Technical support in the form of extensions services, trainings, and advisory support throughout project implementations are provided by various institutions.

  • 阻碍

However the support is not consistent and on-site consultations with landusers is limited to the short-term projects

市场(购买投入，销售产品)和价格
  • 启动

Through this approach, the people are unique position and ability to develop alternative agriculture-based strategies (herbs, aromatic plantations). Uttarakhand has been declared as an Organic State and has recently received significant government funding to develop organic farming ( as of January 31, 2018 about Rs 1,500 crore for three years has been sanctioned.)

  • 阻碍

At the present time, the status of agricultural market development needs a lot of work. The most crucial factor appears to be linking the producer with the local markets. Current production is mainly for self consumption. Agricultural yields are not very high in Uttarakhand as a whole and also the productivity of the hill districts is generally lower than the state average.

工作量、人力资源可用性
  • 启动

Women are the effective managers of the rural household economy and forest resource use. They are active participants in the VP activities, either as official committee members or routine attendees of VP meetings

  • 阻碍

Lack of employment has led to high male out-migration and lack of interest in forest management

3. 相关利益相关者的参与和角色

3.1 该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责

  • 当地土地使用者/当地社区

Naikina Van Panchayat (9 members)
Naikina Village (300 people)

  • 研究人员

G.B. Pant

  • NGO

Himalayan Sewa Samiti

  • 地方政府

District Magistrate
Uttarakhand Forest Department, Government of India

  • 国际组织

ICIMOD
JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency)

Financial Assistance

3.2 当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段
当地土地使用者/当地社区的参与 指定参与人员并描述活动
启动/动机 互动
计划 互动
实施 互动
监测/评估 自我动员
maintenance 自我动员

3.4 有关SLM技术选择的决策

具体说明谁有权决定选择要实施的技术:
  • 所有相关参与者，作为参与式方法的一部分
明确做出决策的依据:
  • 对充分记录的SLM知识进行评估（基于证据的决策）
  • 个人经验和意见（无记录）

4. 技术支持、能力建设和知识管理

4.1 能力建设/培训

是否为土地使用者/其他利益相关者提供培训？:

是

明确受训人员:
  • 土地使用者
培训形式:
  • 在职
  • 公开会议
涵盖的主题:

Forest management, forest fire, plantation, spring restoration

4.2 咨询服务

土地使用者有权使用咨询服务吗？:

是

指明是否提供了咨询服务:
  • 在土地使用者的土地上

4.3 机构强化（组织发展）

是否通过这种方法建立或加强了机构？:
  • 是，适度
具体说明机构的强化或建立程度:
  • 本地
具体说明支持类型:
  • 财务
  • 能力建设/培训

4.4 监测和评估

监测和评估是该方法的一部分吗？:

是

注释:

only executed by the village community to a small degree

若是，该文件是否用于监测和评估？:

否

4.5 研究

研究是该方法的一部分吗?

否

5. 融资和外部物质支持

5.1 该方法中SLM组成部分的年度预算

如果不知道准确的年度预算，请给出一个范围:
  • 2,000-10,000
注释（例如主要的资助来源/主要捐助者）:

ICIMOD (Kailash Sacred Landscape Initiative)

5.2 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援

土地使用者是否获得实施该技术的财政/物质支持？:

是

如果是，请具体说明支持的类型、条件和提供者:

Supply of material and resources necessary for the plantation and fodder nursery. Partial compensation for community manual labor

5.3 对特定投入的补贴（包括劳动力）

  • 无
 
如果土地使用者的劳动力是一项重要的投入，那么是不是:
  • 以现金支付

5.4 信用

是否根据SLM活动的方法给予信用值？:

否

5.5 其它激励或手段

是否有其他激励措施或工具用于促进SLM技术的实施？:

是

6. 影响分析和结论性陈述

6.1 方法的影响

该方法是否有助于当地土地使用者，提高利益相关者的参与度？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

Van Panchayats come from a grassroots organization. In the case of Nakina Village, has improved coordination across a multitude of stakeholders, including the village, local government institutions and NGOS.

这种方法是否有助于基于证据的决策？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

As Van Panchayat members are given the freedom to control and manage forest resources, and external institutions have recognized the need to enhance their operations and decision-making processes through trainings (carried out by the Forest Department). Under one such programme at FRI (Forest Research Institute), Dehradun, training on Forest Panchayat management, plantation techniques and fire control methods was given to Nakina VP members.

该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

With their own resources, indigenous knowledge, trainings and support from collaborative projects, the approach was a successful mechanism of formal organization for the village. Having legal backup to enforce the rules and regulations developed by the forest users themselves is an effective method to implement and maintain SLM technologies.

该方法是否提高了SLM的协调性和成本效益？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

Local NGOs like Swati Gramodyog Sansthan and HSS (Himalayan Sewa Samiti), Pithoragarh have given their support to Nakina Van Panchayat by providing plants and planting techniques and some financial assistance. T

该方法是否调动/改善了使用财务资源实施SLM的途径？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

There is financial resources available to the Nakina VP (via the joint bank account). This is largely due to the recent projects and remaining funds from external organizations (JICA, MNEGRA), however there is constrained space in accessing those funds as the Forest Department has the main authority for financial decisions. Mr. Joshi (Sarpanch, village head) does not have a comprehensive idea of the budget allocation for the village nor the direct freedom to decide how to use these funds. However, he is personally close to the forest staff and regularly communicates the VP propositions and can get clarification on fund management and be granted access to the money with a staff member's signature.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者实施土地管理的知识和能力？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

Through instruments of education, motivation and persuasion, this approach has helped the VP an forest users realize their potentials to improve the resource base and their livelihoods.

该方法是否提高了其他利益相关者的知识和能力？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

With coordinating NGOs, research institutions, the forest departments and land users, a triangulation of knowledge transfer is encouraged. This platform for the village communities to voice their needs and perceptions is essential for other stakeholders to effectively navigate the future course of these hilly regions and for recognition of true resource capacities.

该方法是否建立/加强了机构、利益相关者之间的合作？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

The approach and active engagement of the Nakina VP has helped different stakeholders realize the need to play more active roles in keeping the institutions alive and effective by brining the communities to the center stage of decision making and promoting participatory forest management at the grassroots level. All levels of organization need to be involved in the preparations of plans/schemes for economic development. G.B. Pant is currently orchestrating a project that will further develop Nakina Forest into a complete "Model-ecosystem Forest" as a leading example of VP forest management and regeneration strategies through more plantations and long-term springshed management.

该方法是否缓解了冲突？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

Ad hoc changes in village boundaries and poor boundary demarcation of village forests, inequitable distribution of forests among villages, and inattention to conflict management among villages have soured inter-village relations in many cases. However, the Nakina VP has been exceptional in mitigating disputes between forest resources and other villages. They are very open to collaboration and organizing with others, like VP members of the Digtoli village. In general, the good communication and neighborly relations have only been enhanced with the approach. This has been recognized by others (villages, external stakeholders)

该方法是否有助于社会和经济弱势群体？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大
该方法是否改善了性别平等并赋予女性权力？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

According to Van Panchayat Rules, 2005, (Rule 7) 4 seats are reserved for women of whom one is for SC/ST. As members of the Nakina VP are led by acutely forest-dependent women, this provides more accessible space for community forest management to poor women and marginalized groups. This, being outside the framework of complicated bureaucratic procedures and controls, is an impactful initiative for immediate empowerment of such groups at the local level.

该方法是否鼓励年轻人/下一代土地使用者参与SLM？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

Mr. Joshi, the head of the VP, has actively been incorporating the younger generations in participatory processes, such as meetings and involvement in interventions. This is often tied with celebratory events in the forest, to merge the social/cultural and conservation aspect into one. However, due to economic opportunities and outmigration their is a lack of interest to participate in the VP and with agriculture activities in general, as it does not demonstrate a promising stable income. Modernity has drastically changes the peoples' aspirations and incomes. Mr. Joshi suggests that if there was a change in policy to fix a salary for committee members, the next generation would be involved and management activities could be carried out effectively with full-time commitment.

该方法是否改善了阻碍SLM技术实施的土地使用权/用户权问题？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

Nakina VP demonstrates the vast potential of the approach, as they have institutionally restored the ownership and sustainable management of forest to the village community. However, there is dual control of the revenue and forest department on Van Panchayats. All administrative powers are vested in the revenue department and the technical powers are the forest department .This dual distribution of powers often leads to delay in decisions and can create confusion. Placing a forest department functionary as the joint account holder and member secretary inside Van Panchayats can shift institutional accountability to the Forest Department and away from forest users.

该方法是否改善了粮食安全/改善了营养？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

Due to protection of forest resources and improved forest resource, there has been more security of the fuel, fodder, water nexus in Nakina. This increased resource availability has in had direct and indirect positive effects for the land users, i.e. increased on-farm productivity from more fodder and drinking water availability via restoration of springs.

该方法是否改善了市场准入？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大
该方法是否改善了供水和卫生条件？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

The direct benefits of improved access to water by sustainable forest management were felt just recently by the people of Nakina Village (Dry season, 2019). The improved spring discharge in the Vaishnavi and Bhind Naula have allowed the village to be independent from using the neighboring village's spring water. Still, Nakina is dependent on external water sources to meet their domestic needs. These are unreliable, and consequently the village is still facing acute water shortages in the dry season.

该方法是否带来了更可持续的能源使用？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

Dried and fallen leaves (which are used as liter and for making compost), grasses, fuelwood, and timber for home construction all are provided by the forest. As the village access to energy (i.e. gas cylinders, electricity) is not always available, forest fuel is necessary to meet the energy needs. The Nakina VP plays a key role in managing these resources, and with SLM of the forest there is future potential to support the use of biofuels made from woody biomass.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者适应气候变化/极端情况和减轻气候相关灾害的能力？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

The Nakina VP works to sensitize people about practices contributing to climate change and measures to reduce it. They are initiators to disseminate SLM practices for adaptation. In this sense, the VP acts as the main task force manage the land to cope with extreme events and equipping of local communities.

该方法是否会带来就业、收入机会？:
  • 否
  • 是，很少
  • 是，中等
  • 是，支持力度很大

Though there is more money and time saved by increased resource availability, the Van Panchayat can not really raise money and sell surplus forest produce from the area to the right holders for their domestic use. They need prior approval of the Divisional forest officer (OFO), an action which has yet to be taken. If Nakina VP decides to do this, they are permitted to sell fallen twigs, trees branches and grasses to the villagers.

6.2 土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机

  • 增加生产

Increasing fuel and fodder availability

  • 增加利润（能力），提高成本效益比
  • 减少土地退化
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 减少工作量
  • 规章制度（罚款）/执行
  • 声望、社会压力/社会凝聚
  • 加入运动/项目/团体/网络
  • 环境意识
  • 习俗和信仰，道德
  • 提高SLM知识和技能
  • 美学改进
  • 冲突缓解

6.3 方法活动的可持续性

土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施（无外部支持的情况下）？:
  • 是
若是，请说明如何维持:

The Nakina Van Panchayat has adopted certain methods for the protectIon and management of forest resource under their control. Depending upon the nature of forests and resource availability, each Van Panchayat can evolve its own method and mode of utilization of forest resources. Although external support is usually necessary for the establishment of plantations, the concept of the community driven forest management can improve the capabilities of local land-users and improve the management of their natural forest resources without extensive intervention from others.

6.4 该方法的长处/优点

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The rules and regulations are devised by the Van Panchayat Village Committee for management of their forests. These are unique from one Van Panchayat to another in various management activities, such as division of forest land, management for grazing, lopping, plantation, collection of fodder and fuelwood and plantation. When the rules are acknowledged by the forest users, this can create a high-functioning land-management approach that fits the needs of the people and simultaneously preserves forest resources.
The Van Panchayat system represents an integrated approach, emphasizing the need for people's participation in order to reach a balance between meeting needs of resource dependent communities and SLM/biodiversity conservation
It reveals and merges the multi sectoral dimensions of the socio-economic and ethical aspects of natural resource conservation (i.e. indigenous resource practices and cultural/religious orientation with forest management and nature)
There is mutual agreement with committee members and villagers on the function, rules and regulations of the VP for forest management and the necessary collaborative effort needed by the community to carry out these tasks. (e.g. prevention of felling, accepting fines for encroachment and illegal resource extraction, equitable distribution, forest maintenance and protection activities )
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
In agreement with the landuser
Responsibilities of the VP are successfully laid out in the law to ensure that forest land isn't diverted into another use, and the utilization of the forest products is done in the most advantageous way for the community.
The approach effectively grants the decision-making power to use and manage forest equitable distribution of forest produces. It also offers the opportunity for socially marginalized people, specifically women, to be involved.

6.5 该方法的弱点/缺点以及克服它们的方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们？
Due to lack of financial resources, policy support and weakening management practices, many VP institutions have been less effective in recent years. Challenges and threats to VPs need to be re-examined on the local level; the potentials of conservation and resource management of the communities needs to be discussed and addressed with policy makers, and the major management decisions should assess the impact on the people's livelihoods and the socio-ecological implications for the long-term.
A general improvement in attitude and participation of the community towards sustaining the VPs for the long run is necessary. Spread awareness that the VP can function as the backbone for the village's sustenance and prosperity. Encourage the next generation to participate by introducing policy that fixes a salary for committee members
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们？
The content of the new VP rules suggest a loss of decision making space for the local villagers. The Forest Dept looks after the affairs of the VPs (Van Panchayat regulation 2005a). The Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), who is removed from the real situations, has the responsibility of formulating the management plan of the VP. Thus VPS members are not playing an active role in the management plan. It would be more effective if the government agencies act as the facilitator for these VP institutions. The villagers should be considered as stakeholders rather than beneficiaries, and have more power to direct and participate in the management plan.
There is a need to improve the ability of the VP's to generate funds and improve management. Because of historical land-use patterns and exploitation of natural resources, the potential to promote income generating activities has decreased. VPs can be further developed by promoting horticulture and medicinal plant cultivation so there is less dependence on wild collection of resources and increased source of income. Ecotourism can be also be combined with this expansion effort and further diversified. In addition, strengthened partnership between the VPs, NGOS, and Forest Dept is required for development in the hill communities.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 方法/信息来源

  • 实地考察、实地调查

4 field visits, several informants from the villages of Nakina and Digtoli

  • 与土地使用者的访谈

2 main interviewees: Mr. Joshi and Mr. Patni

  • 与SLM专业人员/专家的访谈

Forest Dept, CHEA, Himalayan Sewa Samiti

  • 根据报告和其他现有文档进行编译

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts on Forest Structure: A Case Study of Uttarakhand State, Jaspal S. Chauhan, Alok S. Gautam, R.S. Negi, 2018,

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

DOI: 10.2174/1874213001811010038, https://openenvironmentalresearchjournal.com/VOLUME/11/PAGE/38/FULLTEXT/

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya: Struggle of the Marginalised People, Ajay Singh Rawat, 1999

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://uttarakhand.org/reference/forest-management-in-kumaon-himalaya-struggle-of-the-marginalised-people/

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Van Panchyat Institutions at Crossroad: A Prospective Perception of Forest Dependent Stakeholders from Indian Himalaya, 2015, Aatif Hussain, Kaiser Iqbal, Subhasis Mahato and Nazir A. Pala, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Free online access, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.gjer.2015.9.02.94164

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Stories of Success: narratives from a sacred land

URL:

http://lib.icimod.org/record/32844/files/SuccessStory.pdf

标题/说明:

Improving Forest Governance: Experience of Joint Forest Management in India

URL:

http://www.fao.org/3/XII/0774-A1.htm

标题/说明:

Policy Brief: Spring Revival through Sustainable Land Management (SLM) in the Himalayan Foothills: Uttarakhand, North India Author: Liniger HP, Bandy J, Year: 2020

URL:

https://www.wocat.net/en/projects-and-countries/projects/onsite-and-offsite-benefits-sustainable-land-management/-and-offsite-policy-briefs

标题/说明:

Video: SLM for Himalayan Spring Revival. Author: Liniger HP, Bandy J, Year: 2020

URL:

https://vimeo.com/429988881

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