1.2 参与方法评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

MoA (MoA) - 不丹

有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

National Soil Services Centre (National Soil Services Centre) - 不丹

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

25/03/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 该方法的简要说明

Land Management Group uniting all households in a community to plan and implement SLM and cash-generating activities

2.2 该方法的详细说明

该方法的详细说明:

Aims / objectives: A Land Management Group (LMG) unites all households of a village and aims to advocate, plan and implement SLM activities, based on the land-based issues of that particular community. The LMG has formal by-laws, drafted interactively with the community, and has its own group saving account, as access to credit and proper savings is still a real constraint in remote areas. A first LMG was started in 2008 in Drunggoenpa chiog in Radhi geog, Trashigang Dzongkhag, East-Bhutan. The idea for the LMG was based on pioneering work of the Renewable Natural Resource Research Centre Bajo, Wangdue Dzongkhag, in Salamji chiog, Dagana Dzongkhag.

Methods: In an effort to reinforce the social cohesion of communities and to improve the efficiency of planning for implementing SLM interventions, SLMP has initiated Land Management Groups. A LMG is considered very useful to overcome one of the main constraints of SLM implementation in Bhutan: labour-shortage. Many individual households have a growing lack of labour and therefore difficulties to implement labour-intensive SLM activities such as terracing, stone bunding or afforestation work.

Stages of implementation: LMGs are especially suitable for smaller communities, where households live relatively close to each other and have a good community bond. Instead of inter-acting with many individual households separately, the extension staff can also target their services, such as training programmes and technical guidance, to the group. The Drunggoenpa LMG was supported in their group formation process with regular meetings and took part in the annual participatory SLM action plan-ning for the chiog, identifying key land-based problems, their causes and possi-ble SLM interventions. Implementation of these SLM activities, such as grass strip establishment, stone check dam construction, group private forest establishment, vegetable production and tree and bamboo plantation, was carried out in a labour-sharing approach. Pooling labour in the group, all the land of the group members is converted or treated.

Role of stakeholders: This enables vulnerable families including single-headed households and the poorest-of-poor, to participate and get access to more labour-intensive SLM interventions. Apart from the pure SLM interventions, attention is given to cash-generating activities such as vegetable production and potato cultivation, to enhance the livelihoods of the farmers.

Other important information: Costs of forming a LMG including implementation of a series of SLM activities at the village level are limited(less than US$2,000 annually).

2.3 该方法的照片

2.5 采用该方法的国家/地区/地点

2.6 该方法的开始和终止日期

2.7 方法的类型

• 基于项目/方案

2.8 该方法的主要目的/目标

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (vegetable production, potato production for cash income generation)

- To overcome labour constraints of labour-intensive SLM activities by working in a group, becoming more time-efficient
- To enhance the community bond and give access to all households to SLM activities


The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: - Severe land degradation in the village through landslides and surface erosion on very steep dryland
- Overgrazing by cattle, causing crop damage and forest degradation
- Lack of timber as result of forest degradation and deforestation

2.9 推动或妨碍实施本办法所适用的技术的条件

3.1 该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责

3.2 当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段

	当地土地使用者/当地社区的参与	指定参与人员并描述活动
启动/动机	互动	Community members were inspired by visit to Salamji, a SLM focal village in Dagana Dzongkhag and advocated a similar approach in their village
计划	互动	Participatory SLM action planning, annually, to discuss land based issues, causes and potential SLM interventions
实施	互动	Range of SLM interventions such as grass strip establishment, stone check dam construction, group private forest plantation etc. technical guidance by local extension staff
监测/评估	互动	Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation meetings with geog extension staff and members of the municipality administration; includes regular insight in group saving account balance and status for transparency
Research	无

3.3 流程图（如可用）

3.4 有关SLM技术选择的决策

具体说明谁有权决定选择要实施的技术:

• 主要是土地使用者，由SLM专家提供支持

解释:

.Annual Participatory SLM Action Planning to discuss land-based issue, causes and interventions options and priorities.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users. Mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users; consultation process in context of participatory SLM action planning and participatory monitoring and evaluation meetings.

4.1 能力建设/培训

是否为土地使用者/其他利益相关者提供培训？:

是

明确受训人员:

• 土地使用者

培训形式:

• 在职
• 农民对农民
• 公开会议

涵盖的主题:

Training to community members on group formation and specific technical SLM interventions such as organic vegetable production, grass strip establishment, group private forestry, stone check dam construction, bamboo plantation etc. The annual participatory SLM action planning and natural resource mapping also contributed considerably in raising awareness of all villagers, developing their understanding of causal chain relations of their key land problems.

4.2 咨询服务

土地使用者有权使用咨询服务吗？:

是

指明是否提供了咨询服务:

• 在土地使用者的土地上

说明/注释:

Name of method used for advisory service: SLM advisory service by extension staff; Key elements: Grass strip establishment, Group formation, Organic vegatable Production; Renewable Natural Resource Extension staff of the geog are providing on-the-job advisory service to the group members through regular visits to the community to carry out trainings, which are mainly hands-on, with a demonstration site on the land of one of the group members. At the end of the training the group members plan for a rotation schedule to carry out the SLM activity on the land of all group members.

Advisory service is quite adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Determination expressed by group to continue with activities post-project.

4.3 机构强化（组织发展）

是否通过这种方法建立或加强了机构？:

• 是，非常

具体说明机构的强化或建立程度:

• 本地

具体说明支持类型:

• 能力建设/培训

提供进一步细节:

Considerable support to the Land Management Group through group formation process guidance and concentrated effort to plan for and implement a range of SLM focused activities, combined with hands-on training events.

4.4 监测和评估

监测和评估是该方法的一部分吗？:

是

注释:

bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations by project staff together with group members of grass strips, riser height, check dam infill and tree seedling growth

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations and measurements by project staff together with group members of grass strip area, number of check dams and plantation status (bamboo and tree seedlings)

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations by project staff together with group members on group status and feedback of group on implementation progress and issues and future activities

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations by project staff together with group on crop yield, fodder grass production along grass strips (# of loads) and animal production increase (milk in litres, butter and cheese in kilos)

area treated aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff, land users through measurements; indicators: Regular measurement by project staff and group members of area treated with grass strips and area planted with bamboo and tree seedlings

no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Ad-hoc observation by group members (attendance register)

management of Approach aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations in participatory monitoring and evaluation meetings with group members

There were few changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: In the initial group formation process these was considerable involvement by the local extension staff, which has been reduced as the group members have taken upon themselves most of the planning and implementation as their confidence levels have risen and their technical capability enhanced by a series of training events.

There were few changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation

5.1 该方法中SLM组成部分的年度预算

如果不知道准确的年度预算，请给出一个范围:

• < 2,000

注释（例如主要的资助来源/主要捐助者）:

Approach costs were met by the following donors: international (GEF, World Bank): 85.0%; local community / land user(s) (Land Management Group): 15.0%

5.2 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援

土地使用者是否获得实施该技术的财政/物质支持？:

是

5.3 对特定投入的补贴（包括劳动力）

• 设备

• 农业

如果土地使用者的劳动力是一项重要的投入，那么是不是:

• 自愿

注释:

Labour contribution to the land management group is in principle voluntary, but for some of the specific SLM interventions SLMP pays the households a fixed amount per area converted or treated with grass strips, planted with bamboo rhizomes etc. These cash payments are an incentive to establish and start certain techniques for which considerable labour is required. All recurrent activities are carried out by the group members.

Tool sets are provided to the group, consisting of hand tools as pickaxe, crowbar and spade. Additionally, seeds and seedlings needed for SLM activities are provided free of cost by SLMP, such as bamboo rhizomes, tree seedlings, fruit tree seedlings, fencing material for the group private forest establishment and temperate grass seed mixture.

5.4 信用

是否根据SLM活动的方法给予信用值？:

否

6.1 方法的影响

6.2 土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机

6.3 方法活动的可持续性

土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施（无外部支持的情况下）？:

• 不确定

若否或不确定，请具体说明并予以注释:

The group is expected to be able to sustain their activities independently, but a group process is always complex and there are no certainties looking forward. The improved sense of community bonding and mutual trust however is clearly expressed and essential for future sustainability of the group, supported by the existing group saving account, facilitating financial sustainability.

6.4 该方法的长处/优点

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Are equal....

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会

Enhanced community bond and mutual trust Labour-sharing approach in group eases the difficulty to implement labour-intensive SLM activities Vegetable production in group has improved food security and generates cash income Saving account of group facilitates credit need of households and serves as common bond between households (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continued support and guidance to group Continue labour-sharing in future activities Increase production area Regular bookkeeping and cash generating activities to add to savings)

6.5 该方法的弱点/缺点以及克服它们的方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Are equal...

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Initially freely grazing cattle caused problems between group members with implementation of SLM activities Group expresses interest in having a simple meeting venue to facilitate group meetings	By-laws help to overcome issues and working together in a group has improved mutual trust Seek support to construct simple meeting hall

7.1 方法/信息来源