Community-based rangeland management in the southern Kenyan rangelands [肯尼亚]
- 创建:
- 更新:
- 编制者: Lance W. Robinson
- 编辑者: Enoch Mobisa, Peter Tyrrell
- 审查者: Alexandra Gavilano, Rima Mekdaschi Studer, Hanspeter Liniger, Donia Mühlematter, Simone Verzandvoort
approaches_3321 - 肯尼亚
- Community-based rangeland management in the southern Kenyan rangelands: March 13, 2018 (inactive)
- Community-based rangeland management in the southern Kenyan rangelands: April 20, 2018 (inactive)
- Community-based rangeland management in the southern Kenyan rangelands: June 22, 2018 (inactive)
- Community-based rangeland management in the southern Kenyan rangelands: Nov. 2, 2021 (public)
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全部展开 全部收起1. 一般信息
1.2 参与方法评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式
有助于对方法进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Restoration of degraded land for food security and poverty reduction in East Africa and the Sahel: taking successes in land restoration to scale (ILRI)有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
ILRI International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) - 肯尼亚1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件
(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:
01/10/2017
编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:
是
1.4 SLM技术问卷的参考
Ecosystem-wide seasonal grazing management in community land [肯尼亚]
Livestock movements are managed through community governance systems to maintain spatial and temporal heterogeneity of pasture, creating a gradient of quality and quantity of pasture across the landscape. This is achieved through clearly designated seasonal grazing areas for livestock and tight controls on settlement areas, grazing patterns and water points. …
- 编制者: Peter Tyrrell
2. SLM方法的描述
2.1 该方法的简要说明
Olkiramatian Group Ranch strengthened the capacity of its community governance structures and began to engage in more rigorous implementation of seasonal grazing plans. This was based on traditional ecological knowledge and rangeland management practices. The group ranch incorporated conservation, research, and joint rangeland management planning with neighboring communities.
2.2 该方法的详细说明
该方法的详细说明:
Prior to implementation of the approach described here, rangeland management was carried out through customary institutions supported by a group ranch committee. However, many challenges hindered effective management of livestock and natural resources. These included:
• Poor financial management
• Lack of accountability from the leaders - and lack of demand for accountability from the members
• Conflicting group and individual interests
• Lack of a written constitution and grazing by-laws to reinforce traditional decision making.
To minimize and overcome some of these weaknesses, the African Conservation Centre (ACC), a conservation NGO and Southern Rift Association of Land Owners (SORALO), a Maasai land trust, worked with Olkiramatian and other communities to help them strengthen their planning and governance and to reinvigorate the traditional system of grazing management. Initially, ACC worked with the community’s governance and resource management committees to build local capacity for decision-making and resource management. Institutions previously responsible for resource management, which had existed under traditional systems, had begun to weaken from both internal and external pressures, undermining the long-term sustainability and equity of rangeland management. The group ranch emerged as the key modern institution within this community and needed to be strengthened to support traditional management. To do this several sequential steps were taken:
(i) First, the group ranch committee instituted a more objective way of identifying and electing office holders, to ensure a credible base for resource governance and building consensus among resource users;
(ii) Registration of group ranch members was re-initiated to ensure equal access and rights to resource use, and to provide clarity around membership;
(iii) Institutions responsible for rangeland management, including the group ranch committee, and the conservation and grazing subcommittees, were reinforced primarily through the strengthening of internal capacity;
(iv) ACC facilitated a process for consolidating the group ranch's governance and by-laws to help guide the implementation of the strategy, including enforcement;
(v) The group ranch implemented provisions for holding leaders accountable, allowing the group ranch members to demand their rights;
(vi) Decision-making processes were facilitated by laying down procedures for sharing information and apportioning responsibilities among the leadership - as decided at annual general meetings;
(vii) Rangeland monitoring groups and rangers, mostly local youth, were trained and positioned;
(viii) Finally, the Lale’enok Resource Centre was established, together with community enterprises based on the use of natural resources. A women’s group was included.
An important catalyst in the approach was the establishment of a community conservation area and lodge within the group ranch for the development of wildlife tourism. The conservation area capitalized on the existence of the community’s dry season reserve where wildlife such as zebra and giraffes were abundant , which is only grazed by livestock after pasture is utilized elsewhere. This creation of a conservation area, coupled with the desire to generate revenue through tourism with its semi-exclusive access rights to parts of the conservation area, worked to reaffirm the traditional grazing management strategies by preventing settlement within the conservation area and encouraging longer resting of pasture following rain. This happened alongside the development of a research program , which has helped to put community rangeland management on an evidence-based foundation.
With guidance, the community revised its grazing plan and zoned its land into four resource use areas, now embodied in the new group ranch constitution:
- Conservation or wildlife areas (which then allowed the creation of the conservancy);
- Agricultural/crop production areas;
- Livestock grazing areas (dry season and wet grazing areas);
- Human settlements.
The grazing sub-committee of the group ranch makes and implements decisions on livestock access to certain areas, with pasture rested between and across seasons. The conservancy is rested from livestock grazing as a “grass bank” during the wet seasons, which can last up to 6 months . Settlement areas are also tightly managed under this approach to preserve pasture heterogeneity and prevent local degradation. Fines are imposed on herders who break grazing regulations. On a rolling basis the communities now utilize traditional ecological knowledge, ecological monitoring and expert knowledge, to reassess these grazing regimes under changing conditions. These rangeland management activities are also nested within joint, inter-community planning such as regular meetings of the grazing committees of clusters of group ranches.
2.3 该方法的照片
2.5 采用该方法的国家/地区/地点
国家:
肯尼亚
区域/州/省:
Kajiado
有关地点的进一步说明:
Kajiado West Constituency
Map
×2.6 该方法的开始和终止日期
注明开始年份:
2004
注释:
The approach is on-going.
2.7 方法的类型
- Hybrid traditional/project-based
2.8 该方法的主要目的/目标
To enhance sustainable livelihoods for pastoralist community members through informed, sustainable use of their resources in an equitable manner.
2.9 推动或妨碍实施本办法所适用的技术的条件
社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观
- 启动
Uniform ethnicity. Communal land tenure. The pre-existing customary institutions and the group ranch committees. The government decree on the establishment of group ranches. The strong traditional and cultural knowledge about rangeland and livestock management.
- 阻碍
Cultural beliefs: large numbers of livestock are seen as a status symbol; resulting in potential overstocking of livestock.
财务资源和服务的可用性/可得性
- 阻碍
Financial resources are limited for the group ranch committee; they depend on small collections at local markets and some donor financing to enact projects.
机构设置
- 启动
The group ranch was already established and practicing planned grazing according to customary rules.
法律框架(土地使用权、土地和水使用权)
- 启动
There is a strong body of legislation developing in Kenya to ensure sustainable use of rangeland resources. This includes the new Community Land Act (2016), which creates local governance institutions with protection of grazing; the Wildlife Act (2012), creating community conservation areas and allowing benefits and compensation from wildlife; the Water Act (2016) and the Water Resource Users Association encourage multi-user analysis and cooperation to protect the quantity and quality of water for all users within a catchment.
土地治理(决策、实施和执行)
- 启动
The group ranch committee is the highest decision-making body. There is a grazing sub-committee which manages the details of seasonal grazing patterns.
了解SLM,获得技术支持
- 启动
The community is networked to researchers and technical experts from institutions including ACC, SORALO, Universities and TATA chemicals; through the Lale'enok Resource Centre. Mobile phones and access to internet has enhanced access to technical information. There is a wealth of traditional knowledge within the older generation who understand the requirements for sustainable management of the landscape.
- 阻碍
Low capacity of the many community members to tap into the existing knowledge bases. Lack of technical capacity to address specific research needs identified by the community.
市场(购买投入,销售产品)和价格
- 启动
Livestock markets within reach of the community members - the Shompole crossborder livestock market is in the neighboring conservancy.
- 阻碍
Low livestock prices at the grassroots present a challenge to the growth of the livestock value chain. A solution may be the facilitation of more direct market linkages.
工作量、人力资源可用性
- 启动
The community members are involved in the process as part of their lifestyle. Planned grazing made it easier for them to take of their livestock and reduce the number of people required to herd their livestock.
3. 相关利益相关者的参与和角色
3.1 该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责
- 当地土地使用者/当地社区
Members and executives of the group ranch committee.
Individual members of the group ranch, as rangeland users and through their grazing patterns according to the ranch's grazing plans, contribute to management.
- 社区组织
Olkiramatian Group Ranch.
The group ranch, through its democratic structures, has the ultimate responsibility for decision-making for the group ranch, including rangeland management and grazing planning, partnerships, fund raising and financial management, etc.
- SLM专家/农业顾问
Personnel of SORALO and ACC.
Provision of technical advice and support.
- 研究人员
Students.
Students, both Kenyan and international, hosted by SORALO and ACC, carry out research on conservation, ecotourism, land use, rangeland condition, etc.
- NGO
SORALO and ACC.
Research guidance, and connection with other government, NGO and donor agency stakeholders. Also provision of technical advice and support (see SLM Specialists/Agricultural Advisers, above).
如果涉及多个利益相关者,请注明领导机构:
Olkiramatian Group Ranch
3.2 当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段
当地土地使用者/当地社区的参与 | 指定参与人员并描述活动 | |
---|---|---|
启动/动机 | 自我动员 | The community invited ACC to come and support conservation work and improve ecotourism. A visiting researcher from ACC identified opportunities for reinvigorating the group ranch structure and nature-based enterprises. The work of the researcher contributed to the approach, but the ultimate push came from the community. |
计划 | 自我动员 | The community evolved into an organized group and was determined to employ good resource practices to improve the rangelands and the lives of the people. They sought the help of ACC in strengthening their capacity to fundraise and improve community enterprises. SORALO was established to continue supporting the community in networking and supporting the conservation work. |
实施 | 互动 | The committee members, the individual members implement the approach. SORALO and to a less extent ACC, play advisory roles. The community members provide labour and time as their in-kind contribution. ACC help the community raise funds for the implementation. |
监测/评估 | 互动 | With guidance from SORALO, monitoring is done by community members. The various committees have a monitoring component in their work. |
Research | 互动 | At the beginning, research was done by a scientist from ACC. Later on in the approach, the community youth have been trained and are actively involved in research activities. |
3.3 流程图(如可用)
具体说明:
Adaptation to evolving challenges through the community's governance structure -- the group ranch committee -- is at the centre of the approach.
作者:
Enoch Ontiri and Lance Robinson
3.4 有关SLM技术选择的决策
具体说明谁有权决定选择要实施的技术:
- 主要是土地使用者,由SLM专家提供支持
解释:
The group ranch members are the collective owners and, through the Group Ranch Committee, managers of the land. They receive support and guidance from organizations such as the African Conservation Centre (ACC) and Southern Rift Association of Land Owners (SORALO) on techniques and practices to apply, but are themselves the primary decision-makers.
- Research and evidence-based decision-making played some role, but planning of technical practices to be implemented was primarily based on traditional knowledge
4. 技术支持、能力建设和知识管理
4.1 能力建设/培训
是否为土地使用者/其他利益相关者提供培训?:
是
明确受训人员:
- 土地使用者
如果相关,请说明性别、年龄、地位、种族等。:
Training was carried out primarily for group ranch committee members and other community leaders/elders, predominantly males. Training has also been done for the RETO Women's Group.
培训形式:
- Training workshops
涵盖的主题:
The training to the women’s group was on improved bead-making and business management in order to exploit the tourism market.
Selected youth were trained as wildlife rangers and others as rangeland monitors. Species-specific teams were trained in tracking particular species such as lions.
4.2 咨询服务
土地使用者有权使用咨询服务吗?:
是
指明是否提供了咨询服务:
- 在土地使用者的土地上
- 在固定中心
说明/注释:
Advisory services provided by SORALO and ACC. A permanent resource centre, Lale'enok is present in the region.
4.3 机构强化(组织发展)
是否通过这种方法建立或加强了机构?:
- 是,适度
具体说明机构的强化或建立程度:
- 本地
说明机构、角色和职责、成员等。:
The organizations African Conservation Centre (ACC) and Southern Rift Association of Land Owners (SORALO) have helped to strengthen the group ranch structures
具体说明支持类型:
- 财务
- 能力建设/培训
提供进一步细节:
Primarily support has been through capacity building and training with the group ranch committee and other committees.
Additional support has been provided by SORALO through the provision of staff and labor for hosting community meetings; writing the constitution; producing maps and other information; conducting research into pertinent management issues.
ACC with funding from various sources helped to finance establishment of the conservation area and a lodge. The lodge pays a lease fee to the group ranch. Guests at the lodge pay a bed night fee which is paid to the group ranch committee and a conservation fee which goes to the conservation committee. The conservation fee pays for scouts and also finances conservation-related development such as fences, water pipelines, and other community projects.
4.4 监测和评估
监测和评估是该方法的一部分吗?:
是
注释:
The community, especially youth, are involved in assessing the ecological status of the rangeland. There are ecological monitoring units which take censuses of flora and fauna. Community activity reports are written regularly. The major economic activity of livestock trade is monitored by a data collection team that visits the major livestock markets.
若是,该文件是否用于监测和评估?:
是
4.5 研究
研究是该方法的一部分吗?
是
明确话题:
- 生态学
提供进一步的细节,并指出是谁做的研究:
Research questions are often answered by visiting students and local scientists at the Lale'enok Resource Centre. These questions cover a diverse range of issues related to the socioeconomic and ecological factors affecting local livelihoods.
African Conservation Centre. Southern Rift Association of Land Owners. Graduate students hosted by these organizations.
5. 融资和外部物质支持
5.1 该方法中SLM组成部分的年度预算
如果不知道准确的年度预算,请给出一个范围:
- < 2,000
注释(例如主要的资助来源/主要捐助者):
The primary resource used for implementation of the approach is the time of community members. Inputs from supporting organizations ACC and SORALO, while relevant, have been secondary to the approach and hence are not included in the budget here.
5.2 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援
土地使用者是否获得实施该技术的财政/物质支持?:
否
5.3 对特定投入的补贴(包括劳动力)
- 无
如果土地使用者的劳动力是一项重要的投入,那么是不是:
- 自愿
注释:
Implementing the approach is just a lifestyle for the community members.
5.4 信用
是否根据SLM活动的方法给予信用值?:
否
5.5 其它激励或手段
是否有其他激励措施或工具用于促进SLM技术的实施?:
是
如果是,请具体说明:
Ecotourism revenue provides some incentive to carry out and continue with rangeland management activities.
6. 影响分析和结论性陈述
6.1 方法的影响
该方法是否有助于当地土地使用者,提高利益相关者的参与度?:
- 否
- 是,很少
- 是,中等
- 是,支持力度很大
这种方法是否有助于基于证据的决策?:
- 否
- 是,很少
- 是,中等
- 是,支持力度很大
Ecological monitoring and research are prominent aspects of the interventions and community-decision-making.
该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术?:
- 否
- 是,很少
- 是,中等
- 是,支持力度很大
It facilitated the implementation of seasonal planned grazing.
该方法是否提高了SLM的协调性和成本效益?:
- 否
- 是,很少
- 是,中等
- 是,支持力度很大
Coordination with neighbouring group ranches has been a key aspect of the interventions.
该方法是否提高了土地使用者实施土地管理的知识和能力?:
- 否
- 是,很少
- 是,中等
- 是,支持力度很大
Improved knowledge of rangeland and wildlife ecology.
该方法是否缓解了冲突?:
- 否
- 是,很少
- 是,中等
- 是,支持力度很大
Involvement of customary institutions has contributed to mitigation and resolution of conflicts.
该方法是否改善了阻碍SLM技术实施的土地使用权/用户权问题?:
- 否
- 是,很少
- 是,中等
- 是,支持力度很大
In theory, tenure rights were already secure. However the weakness of the community institution--the group ranch--could have resulted in land fragmentation or alienation as it had done so in many other group ranches. Strengthening the group ranch's governance has strengthened tenure security.
6.2 土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机
- 增加生产
The rangelands have increased pastures for livestock. Wildlife numbers in the rangeland increased. Ecotourism enterprises improved in the area.
- 增加利润(能力),提高成本效益比
- 减少土地退化
Splash erosion was reduced. Some areas that were bare started having regeneration of grass.
- 规章制度(罚款)/执行
The rules and by-laws were revised and strategies for enforcement were improved. The group ranch, conservation and rangeland monitoring committees were strengthened.
- 环境意识
Community members are more aware of the role of wildlife and ecosystem on their lives. New women groups, the youth and other community members involved in research projects has improved their awareness.
- 提高SLM知识和技能
The community is constantly involved in project work. Skills in ecological monitoring, ecotourism enterprises, rangeland monitoring, lion tracking all help the community members acquire skills.
- 冲突缓解
The program has enhanced cohesion and more integration of community members. The committees are an avenue for mitigating any disputes and resolving conflict in the community.
6.3 方法活动的可持续性
土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施(无外部支持的情况下)?:
- 是
若是,请说明如何维持:
The approach is based on ensuring strong, community-led governance. This has been achieved and is likely to be sustained.
6.4 该方法的长处/优点
土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会 |
---|
The approaches emanates from a strong community with a working customary rangeland management structure. Communal ownership of land and the community's sense of belonging and customary (tribal) right of access and use of natural resources all make it easier for the approach to be successful. |
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会 |
---|
The approach is a bottom-up one that builds on traditional resource management practices, adapting them to evolving social, economic and biophysical conditions. This contributes to strong sense of community ownership. |
As a community driven and implemented the approach, the cost is minimal. With the incorporation of the conservation/wildlife tourism component, a secondary source of income for the community structures and some individuals in the community is realized. |
The climatic conditions that allow extensive livestock production and wildlife is also another advantage for the approach. The landscape lies between Nguruman escarpment on one side, Lake Magadi on the northwestern part and the Amboseli/Mt. Kilimanjaro on the southern part. These contribute to some degree of isolation and protection of influxes of herders from other locations. |
The demonstrated success of the grazing management practices put in place has led to changed decisions and management practices reinforcing the community's willingness to continue with the system. |
6.5 该方法的弱点/缺点以及克服它们的方法
土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 | 如何克服它们? |
---|---|
There is concern among some community members about the incorporation of conservation activities potentially leading to restrictions on mobility and access to pastures. | Continued awareness raising about the benefits and pre-empting misunderstandings about the conservation activities. |
The community success in rangeland management is sometimes viewed as a source of failure. This is because the community holds some customary beliefs and norms that allow for practices like reciprocal grazing by other pastoralists on their land. In the case that Olkiramatian is the best quality grass bank during extended droughts, livestock from other communities flock there and mostly cause overgrazing, degradation, and social conflict. | The idea of SORALO networking all the landowners in the southern rangelands and are helping them establish similar approaches means the whole rangeland in southern Kenya will become a continuous, homogenously managed landscape. |
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 | 如何克服它们? |
---|---|
The capacity of the group ranch committee to raise and attract appropriate human and financial resources is low. | Continued training on effective governance and help in putting in place working systems. |
The stocking rates of livestock per household are not corresponding to the holding capacity of the rangeland. | Continued action research and training of the locals on the need to reduce livestock numbers. |
7. 参考和链接
7.1 方法/信息来源
- 与土地使用者的访谈
12 focus group discussions.
- 与SLM专业人员/专家的访谈
9 key informant interviews.
- 根据报告和其他现有文档进行编译
peer reviewed journal papers. project reports.
7.2 参考可用出版物
标题、作者、年份、ISBN:
Community-based Rangeland Management in Shompole and Olkiramatian Group Ranches. Ontiri, Enoch M. and Lance W. Robinson. 2018.
可以从哪里获得?成本如何?
cgspace.cgiar.org -- open access
7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息
标题/说明:
Seasonal movements of wildlife and livestock in a heterogenous pastoral landscape: Implications for coexistence and community based conservation
URL:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989417301075
标题/说明:
Lale'enok Resource centre
URL:
https://laleenok.wordpress.com/history/
链接和模块
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Ecosystem-wide seasonal grazing management in community land [肯尼亚]
Livestock movements are managed through community governance systems to maintain spatial and temporal heterogeneity of pasture, creating a gradient of quality and quantity of pasture across the landscape. This is achieved through clearly designated seasonal grazing areas for livestock and tight controls on settlement areas, grazing patterns and water points. …
- 编制者: Peter Tyrrell
模块
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