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Partnership with beneficiary communities in project implementation [肯尼亚]

创建： 09/26/2016 9:51 a.m.
更新： 10/19/2017 11:01 a.m.
编制者： Fredrick Ochieng
编辑者： Boris Orlowsky, Nicole Stolz
审查者： Renate Fleiner, Boris Orlowsky, Alexandra Gavilano

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approaches_597 - 肯尼亚

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完整性： 97%

1. 一般信息

2. SLM方法的描述

2.1 该方法的简要说明

The approach focuses on community engagement on a partnership basis. The model is a departure from the traditional approaches where the community mostly is reduced to being a beneficiary of project services without substantive responsibility.

2.2 该方法的详细说明

该方法的详细说明:

The Approach is hinged on community empowerment and partnership. The model is a departure from the traditional approaches where the community is reduced to a mere beneficiary of project services without substantive responsibility.

The main purpose of the approach is to enhance ownership, while fostering needed capacity for management of project outcomes. Ultimately, it is estimated that sustainability of project results is achievable with good community empowerment and meaningful participation. The approach also aims at cost effectiveness as the community is required to substantially contribute locally available materials, labour and sometimes cash.

Community mobilisation and capacity building is central to ensure that the community is prepared to undertake their roles and responsibilities. Mobilisation happens through discussions, sometimes aided by applying participatory tools and methods. Capacity building is done through workshop-type and/or on-the-job training. It is noteworthy that the communities do have indigenous knowledge and skills which are useful in processes of development at the community level. These skills and knowledge inform the project design, planning and implementation of activities. To enhance local skills, selected community members are trained as they work alongside the hired skilled artisans during the construction of the rock catchment system. The aim is to prepare and equip the locals with basic skills for operations and maintenance of the rock catchment system. Others are trained to get equipped with skills on hygiene and sanitation promotion.

The project was designed based on pre-project assessment. The assessment, besides identifying water and hygiene needs, also identified three areas/communities which had rock catchment potential - Ndikir, Manyatta Lengima and Mpagas. Initial meetings were done with support from community leaders and the local government administrators (chiefs). During the meetings the project was explained and discussed in view of the community needs and the roles for all stakeholders - Caritas Switzerland (CACH), the community, government and leaders. Agreed roles and responsibilities were drafted and formed the main part of the memorandum of understanding (MOU) between CACH and the community. The MOU was signed before the entire community for collective ownership and formalise the relationship between CACH and the project.

At the county and sub-county level, the stakeholders are provided with progress updates, engaging with government and other leaders. The local leaders were useful in helping in community mobilisation and addressing areas of concern wherever issues arose.

The approach left the community more motivated with a desire to manage the project benefits for posterity. The community has appreciated that the project ended with a number of community members having acquired basic skills for operations and maintenance. Above all, they were proud that they significantly contributed to the successful implementation of the project. Initially the community were opposed to the idea that they had to contribute so much, since before they had mostly received assistance without any requirement on their side to contribute.

2.3 该方法的照片

媒体库

2.4 该方法的视频

注释、简短说明:

The video is taken on an early morning shower and shows how water is collected, dammed and channelled downstream to the masonry tanks.

日期:

08/12/2014

位置:

Ndikir village, Marsabit County, Kenya

摄影师的名字:

Fredrick Ochieng

2.5 采用该方法的国家/地区/地点

国家:

肯尼亚

区域/州/省:

Laisamis sub county, Marsabit County, Kenya

有关地点的进一步说明:

Implemented with three different communities in three locations, Ndikir, Manyatta Lengima and Mpagas

2.6 该方法的开始和终止日期

注明开始年份:

2013

终止年份（若不再采用该方法）:

2015

注释:

The Rock catchment project was implemented from 2013 to 2015

2.7 方法的类型

基于项目/方案

2.8 该方法的主要目的/目标

1. Community mobilisation
2. Active community participation and ownership of the project and outcomes
3. Sustainability of the project outcomes
4. Enhanced skills and capacity to manage the Technology

2.9 推动或妨碍实施本办法所适用的技术的条件

社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观

阻碍

The community was accustomed to receiving food and non-food handouts. This culture was a major huddle in working with community where they were expected to make substantial contribution towards the project activities.

机构设置

启动

The institutional setting, especially the traditional authority of elders, was supportive during implementation. Once the elders were convinced and persuaded to make certain decisions beneficial to the project, it was always easier for the rest of the community members to rally behind.

参与者的的协作/协调

启动

The Approach requires that stakeholders (other non-state actors and government) coordinate well so that approaches employed by all are complementary and all build into sustainable results. It is common however that there have been approaches that dis-empower communities. Good coordination and collaboration would enhance sharing and learning across the actors and minimise such programming pitfalls.

法律框架（土地使用权、土地和水使用权）

启动

Land tenure in the northern Kenya is mostly communal. This was an enabling factor so that there were no complex and usual elaborate and expensive legal requirements to construct a rock catchment water system. Had land been adjudicated and subdivided for individual ownership, there would have been a need for negotiations and legal procedures to be done with those who own the land where the public asset is to be located.

3. 相关利益相关者的参与和角色

3.1 该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责

当地土地使用者/当地社区

The project was implemented with participation of the communities who are the local land users

Community's role was to ensure that locally available materials were delivered on the site of construction, hygiene and sanitation promotion, unskilled labour, record keeping of all construction materials, security of workers and construction materials on site

SLM专家/农业顾问

Caritas had a technical team of three staff who were based within the project location in the field. This team was supported through experts in the office in the capital city Nairobi.

The technical team implemented all project activities such as community organisation/mobilisation, construction of infrastructure as well as hygiene and sanitation promotion.

地方政府

Chiefs, Members of County Assembly, Ward administrators

Opinion leaders were critical in the process of community mobilisation and following-up the commitments made by the community under the signed MoU.

国家政府（规划者、决策者）

County Steering Group (CSG), sub-County Steering Group (SCSG)

Coordination with other development agencies and government departments at the County level

国际组织

Caritas Switzerland

Overall leadership in project planning, implementation and supervision

3.2 当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段

	当地土地使用者/当地社区的参与	指定参与人员并描述活动
启动/动机	互动	Planning for project activities was jointly planned between the community and the project staff specialists
计划	互动	More technical planning was done as advised by the technical project team. Planning for day to day field activities during implementation was jointly done with the community
实施	互动	Community participation was more interactive in planning for specific project activities. However, there were specific tasks which required hired labour and by common agreement the community provided such labour for payment.
监测/评估	互动	Monitoring with community was mainly done during project reflection/review meetings. Monitoring in this respect was more limited to evaluation of project activities progress and timeliness with which the activities were being achieved.

3.3 流程图（如可用）

具体说明:

The flow chart summarises the Approach's key components, activities and steps for community mobilisation, capacity building and stakeholders engagement. The stakeholders include the relevant government departments - Water, Health, Environment, Drought Management - and non-state actors in the County. There is a monthly forum known as the County Steering Group (CSG) which brings together all the heads of government departments and NGO representatives at the county level. Similar forums also take place at the sub-county level.

作者:

Fredrick Ochieng

3.4 有关SLM技术选择的决策

具体说明谁有权决定选择要实施的技术:

所有相关参与者，作为参与式方法的一部分

解释:

The project was designed initially without direct community involvement other than the pre-project information collected.

明确做出决策的依据:

对充分记录的SLM知识进行评估（基于证据的决策）
研究结果
个人经验和意见（无记录）

Government policies

4. 技术支持、能力建设和知识管理

4.1 能力建设/培训

是否为土地使用者/其他利益相关者提供培训？:

是

明确受训人员:

土地使用者
现场工作人员/顾问

培训形式:

在职
示范区域

涵盖的主题:

Basic construction skills, management of water system (rock catchment), hygiene and sanitation promotion

4.2 咨询服务

土地使用者有权使用咨询服务吗？:

是

指明是否提供了咨询服务:

在土地使用者的土地上

说明/注释:

The community has (in theory) access to government advisory services. However, the nearest government offices are about 20-50 kilometres away without reliable means of transport. The technical staff of the county government is often unable to offer quality and effective extension work, mostly due to transport limitations but also due to low motivation. However, this gap is being bridged through the work of various NGOs operating in the region who provide advisory services in addition to other interventions such as in water, health, livelihoods, and education.

4.3 机构强化（组织发展）

是否通过这种方法建立或加强了机构？:

是，适度

具体说明机构的强化或建立程度:

本地

说明机构、角色和职责、成员等。:

The Approach led to establishment of Water Management Committees. The committees have been trained and equipped to manage the systems.

具体说明支持类型:

财务
能力建设/培训
设备

提供进一步细节:

One key lesson from this and other projects is that one-off trainings are rarely effective even if properly done. A continuous support/follow-up is necessary to maintain the skills and knowledge acquired.

4.4 监测和评估

监测和评估是该方法的一部分吗？:

否

4.5 研究

研究是该方法的一部分吗?

否

5. 融资和外部物质支持

6. 影响分析和结论性陈述

6.1 方法的影响

该方法是否有助于当地土地使用者，提高利益相关者的参与度？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Community's participation was initially a new concept for the communities in this region. Through various meetings, persistency and flexibility the community participation improved and was achieved during the project period.

这种方法是否有助于基于证据的决策？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Due to the nature of working with the community, it was always possible to review certain elements of project activities based on learning

该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

The Approach's aim was to build the required capacity of the community members to better manage the Technology well after the project ends.

该方法是否提高了SLM的协调性和成本效益？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Community's contribution in labour and locally available materials (hardcore stones and sand) significantly reduced the cost of construction. These are materials that otherwise would have been procured from far off sources at a much higher cost.

该方法是否调动/改善了使用财务资源实施SLM的途径？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

The SLM was implemented with funding support aimed for drought recovery. The country had just gone through a major drought. The Approach, however, focused more on mobilising communities towards meaningful participation by providing local available resources such as hardcore, sand, and unskilled labour.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者实施土地管理的知识和能力？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

A significant element of the Approach was capacity building which was achieved through on-the-job and workshop training for the selected community members

该方法是否提高了其他利益相关者的知识和能力？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

The project was implemented with close involvement of county government officials and other development organisations. There have been requests by other development actors in the region wanting to know more about how Caritas Switzerland succeeded in working with the communities and achieving these impressive results.

该方法是否建立/加强了机构、利益相关者之间的合作？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

The project's mandate was limited to community institutions capacity building. Beyond community empowerment the Approach did not target to raise capacity of other stakeholders.

该方法是否缓解了冲突？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

The region within which the project was implemented in has resource based conflicts, mostly conflicts over water and pasture land. The Approach led to successful implementation of the Technology which reduces pressure on water resources. In addition, the management of the newly constructed water points ensures that community members benefits equally

该方法是否有助于社会和经济弱势群体？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Women are the main beneficiaries of the Approach. They were more active than men in offering semi-voluntary labour. Their motivation was that they bear the greater burden than men as it is their responsibility to provide household water .

该方法是否鼓励年轻人/下一代土地使用者参与SLM？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Youth participation was minimal due cultural barriers. Young men do not participate in most of community activities. They are expected to have minimal contact with the rest, and especially women hence most of their time they are in the bush

该方法是否改善了阻碍SLM技术实施的土地使用权/用户权问题？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Land tenure system in the area where the Approach was implemented is communal.

该方法是否改善了粮食安全/改善了营养？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

It is expected that nutritional status will improve with increased access to better quality water. However, no survey was carried out to confirm this assumption.

该方法是否改善了市场准入？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Community members who initially would spend substantial amount of time to search for water now have more time freed to engage in trade and other diversified sources of income

该方法是否改善了供水和卫生条件？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

There is improved access to water. The three benefiting communities no longer need water supply emergency. However, impact on sanitation was less than satisfactory.

该方法是否带来了更可持续的能源使用？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

The project's mandate under which the Approach was implemented was limited to water and sanitation

该方法是否提高了土地使用者适应气候变化/极端情况和减轻气候相关灾害的能力？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

Increased water supply has greatly increased community's resilience to droughts. With a prudent management of water harvested, they have successfully avoided negative drought impacts.

该方法是否会带来就业、收入机会？:

否
是，很少
是，中等
是，支持力度很大

There is no direct employment except that the community members can now engage more in other rewarding businesses

6.2 土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机

降低灾害风险

Increased water supply has greatly decreased community's vulnerability to droughts.

减少工作量

The community was highly motivated by the challenges of acute and perennial water shortages they have experienced for many years. They had a great desire to change and overcome this challenge.

冲突缓解

Reducing water scarcity likely leads to less conflict on water. However, no survey data is available to validate this assumption.

improved water acess

6.3 方法活动的可持续性

土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施（无外部支持的情况下）？:

若是，请说明如何维持:

The Approach greatly focused on capacity building, community empowerment and strengthened institutions. It is expected therefore that they will sustainably manage the Technologies that have been constructed.

6.4 该方法的长处/优点

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The Approach leads to greater ownership of the technology thus leading to better equipped community groups with skills for operations and maintenance. The Approach galvanises a community towards a common goal hence promotes cohesion and better organisation.

6.5 该方法的弱点/缺点以及克服它们的方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
It takes time to achieve the community´s buy-in so that they can adequately fulfil their obligations. This is particularly the case in a region where varied development approaches have been implemented, most of which create dependency and discouraged self-initiative.	This can be changed through long terms engagement processes with all stakeholders such as county government and NGOs to advocate for approaches that foster community empowerment.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 方法/信息来源

实地考察、实地调查

Community elders, chiefs, water management committee members, and users

与土地使用者的访谈

The water management committee

与SLM专业人员/专家的访谈

James Ndenga, staff of Caritas Switzerland

根据报告和其他现有文档进行编译

End of project report

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

A Handbook of gravity-flow water systems for small communities; Thomas D. Jordan Junior; 1980; 978 0 94668 850 0