1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - 吉尔吉斯斯坦

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

18/07/2005

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The cultivation of perennial herbaceous fodder plants to be used to fertilise unproductive cropland, and as permanent crops to be used to increase farm fodder production.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Perennial herbaceous fodder plants such as alfa-alfa and esparzet are cultivated for fodder production and to fertilise unproductive cropland. Esparzet and alfa-alfa are often grown on steep slopes not suitable for annual cropping and on unproductive cropland as green manure. Alfa-alfa and esparzet can be harvested for 6-10 years without tillage.

Purpose of the Technology: These crops fix nitrogen, so they help fertilise the soil so that farmers can plough or harrow the land after 5-10 years to grow annual crops again.Alfa-alfa and esparzet can be harvested for 6-10 years without tillage (depending on the soil characteristics and inclination).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: As yield from perennial herbaceous fodder plant fields starts declining around 4-6 years after the initial cultivation, farmers make up for declining yields by applying additional seeds. Alfa-alfa and esparzet can be harvested twice a year (3-4 harvests a year if irrigated), which results in a significantly higher annual farm fodder production in comparison to ordinary haymaking fields.

Natural / human environment: Some farmers reported problems in growing esparzet or alfa-alfa on slopes with an inclination of more than 30%. However, various examples have shown that these perennial herbaceous fodder plants can be cultivated on steep slopes of up to 60%. On steep slopes an extra amount of seeds must be applied to offset those lost downslope by washing before germinating. Alfa alfa and esparzet are effective in reducing soil erosion since their cultivation leads to an more intact ground cover throughout the year. Furthermore, not needing to tillage for up to ten years helps conserve the soil resources.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): severe soil erosion (gullies and rills) and subsequent fertility decline on the cropland and overgrazed pastures

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): fertility decline, soil erosion and washing downslope of seeds before they can sprout.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: If perennial herbaceous fodder plants are used as green manure, farmers will try to grow annual crops again 6-10 years after the initial cultivation. If crop yields remain low, farmers resort to growing herbaceous fodder plants as permanent crops.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Water supply also mixed rainfed - irrigated.

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Aug

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: green manure

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Deforestation in the lower slopes), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Early in spring and late Fall grazing have led exploitation of natural grassland, because grass doesn't develop further.), overgrazing (Extensive grazing in the major issues in the region), change of seasonal rainfall (Lesser rainfall days), population pressure (Population increase puts more pressure on the natural resources, such as forests and grassland.)

Secondary causes of degradation: floods (Floods become common over the last 10 years)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter

Green manure
Material/ species: esparzet, alfa alfa
Remarks: sowing: 55kg/ha (esparzet), 15kg/ha (alfa alfa)

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	tools	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
植物材料	seeds	ha	1.0	30.0	30.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					40.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 0 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	sowing	农业学的	spring / at initial cultivation
2.	harrowing of land	农业学的	spring / only at initial cultivation (perennial plants)
3.	harrowing of land	农业学的	spring / only at initial cultivation (perennial plants)
4.	sowing	农业学的	spring / at initial cultivation
5.	harvesting (haymaking)	农业学的	summer / two harvests: first harvest in June, second harvest in August
6.	applying of additional seeds	农业学的	spring / when yields start declining (4-6 years after initial cultivation)

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	harrowing of land	ha	1.0	18.0	18.0	100.0
劳动力	haymaking	ha	1.0	12.0	12.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					30.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: harrow, scythe

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

costs per hectare under following assumptions: esparzet: 50kg/ha (price per kg: 0.65 USD) or
alfa alfa: 15kg/ha (price per kg: 2 USD)

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: Also 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.

Landforms: Also valles floors

Slopes on average: Also steep

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility: very high

Soil drainage / infiltration: medium - good

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

5% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land.
75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In general, all farmers (including those applying SWC technologies) are highly dependent on off-farm income which in most cases is earned in Russia either by themselves or by their relatives.

Level of mechanization: Ploughing is carried out by tractor whenever possible, but animal traction als existent.

Market orientation of production system subsistence (self-supply): subsistence, but surpluses sold

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 租赁

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

其它生态影响

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

NA

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Instead of leaving unproductive cropland uncultivated, some farmers have recently started cultivating alfa alfa or esparzet. Often esparzet is preferred by farmers to alfa alfa, since espartzet-hay is easier to feed to animals because of its hollow stem.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
increase of fodder production
fertilises unproductive cropland
easy to feed to cows in winter
in comparison to ordinary hayfields, two to three harvests are possible
only a few inputs required

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
increase farm production of good quality fodder How can they be sustained / enhanced? If land is irrigated three, (instead of two) harvests are possible each year
reduces soil erosion through an intact ground cover being present throughout the year fertilizes soil through nitrogen fixation easy to implement, easy to maintain
involves only little costs for establishment, almost no inputs for maintainance
can be used to improve canopy cover on uncultivated (abandoned) cropland
no tillage necessary for 6-10 years How can they be sustained / enhanced? additional application of seeds when yields start declining

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
loss of possible cropland	higher return from fodder production than for limited crop production on degraded land

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
loss of land which could have been used for production of food crops	cultivate perennial herbaceous fodder plants especially on land which is unsuitable for production of annual crops
increase of farm fodder production allows farmers to have more animals which ultimately will lead to further overgrazing of pastures	keep animals in stables - cut and carry system