The cultivation of perennial herbaceous fodder plants to be used to fertilise unproductive cropland, and as permanent crops to be used to increase farm fodder production.
Perennial herbaceous fodder plants such as alfa-alfa and esparzet are cultivated for fodder production and to fertilise unproductive cropland. Esparzet and alfa-alfa are often grown on steep slopes not suitable for annual cropping and on unproductive cropland as green manure. Alfa-alfa and esparzet can be harvested for 6-10 years without tillage.
Purpose of the Technology: These crops fix nitrogen, so they help fertilise the soil so that farmers can plough or harrow the land after 5-10 years to grow annual crops again.Alfa-alfa and esparzet can be harvested for 6-10 years without tillage (depending on the soil characteristics and inclination).
Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: As yield from perennial herbaceous fodder plant fields starts declining around 4-6 years after the initial cultivation, farmers make up for declining yields by applying additional seeds. Alfa-alfa and esparzet can be harvested twice a year (3-4 harvests a year if irrigated), which results in a significantly higher annual farm fodder production in comparison to ordinary haymaking fields.
Natural / human environment: Some farmers reported problems in growing esparzet or alfa-alfa on slopes with an inclination of more than 30%. However, various examples have shown that these perennial herbaceous fodder plants can be cultivated on steep slopes of up to 60%. On steep slopes an extra amount of seeds must be applied to offset those lost downslope by washing before germinating. Alfa alfa and esparzet are effective in reducing soil erosion since their cultivation leads to an more intact ground cover throughout the year. Furthermore, not needing to tillage for up to ten years helps conserve the soil resources.
Further specification of location:
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
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(>85%) and high yields for fodder production (plant hight of esparzet before first harvest 80-100cm)", "ru": "\u0412\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 (85%) \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f 80-100\u0441\u043c)"}, "image_location": {"en": "Chinoro, Faizabad Rayon, RRS", "ru": "Chinoro, Faizabad Rayon, RRS"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Erik B\u00fchlmann (Berne, Switzerland)", "ru": "Erik B\u00fchlmann (Berne, Switzerland)"}}, {"image": "32fdfef1-ef4d-4c42-8096-048ad6923307", "image_date": "26/05/2005", "image_caption": {"en": "Cultivation of alfa alfa (left), and esparzet (right) on a steep slope to be used for fodder production", "ru": "\u0412\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430) \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0430 (\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430) \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435"}, "image_location": {"en": "Duova, Faizabad Rayon, RRS", "ru": "Duova, Faizabad Rayon, RRS"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Erik B\u00fchlmann (Berne, Switzerland)", "ru": "Erik B\u00fchlmann (Berne, Switzerland)"}}, {"image": "12b92811-d179-48c5-8617-5c48abae89f9", "image_date": "26/05/2005", "image_caption": {"en": "Cultivation of alfa alfa (left), and esparzet (right) on a steep slope to be used for fodder production", "ru": "\u0412\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430) \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0430 (\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430) \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435"}, "image_location": {"en": "Duova, Faizabad Rayon, RRS", "ru": "Duova, Faizabad Rayon, RRS"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Erik B\u00fchlmann (Berne, Switzerland)", "ru": "Erik B\u00fchlmann (Berne, Switzerland)"}}, {"image": "eb923896-2588-4f1b-9b89-104be508536c", "image_date": "16/05/2005", "image_caption": {"en": "Cultivation of esparzet entails an intact canopy cover (>85%) and high yields for fodder production (plant hight of esparzet before first harvest 80-100cm)", "ru": "\u0412\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 (85%) \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f 80-100\u0441\u043c)"}, "image_location": {"en": "Chinoro, Faizabad Rayon, RRS", "ru": "Chinoro, Faizabad Rayon, RRS"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Erik B\u00fchlmann (Berne, Switzerland)", "ru": "Erik B\u00fchlmann (Berne, Switzerland)"}}, {"image": "6ce9477a-8711-49bd-969e-2e9d475c2a1c", "image_date": "04/06/2005", "image_caption": {"en": "Harvesting of esparzet (first haymaking) in early June", "ru": "\u0421\u043a\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0430 (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439) \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f"}, "image_location": {"en": "Karsang, Faizabad Rayon", "ru": "Karsang, Faizabad Rayon"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Erik B\u00fchlmann (Berne, Switzerland)", "ru": "Erik B\u00fchlmann (Berne, Switzerland)"}}], "tech_qg_1": [{"tech_definition": {"en": "The cultivation of perennial herbaceous fodder plants to be used to fertilise unproductive cropland, and as permanent crops to be used to increase farm fodder production.", "ru": "\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438"}}], "tech_qg_2": [{"tech_description": {"en": "Perennial herbaceous fodder plants such as alfa-alfa and esparzet are cultivated for fodder production and to fertilise unproductive cropland. Esparzet and alfa-alfa are often grown on steep slopes not suitable for annual cropping and on unproductive cropland as green manure. Alfa-alfa and esparzet can be harvested for 6-10 years without tillage.\r\n\r\nPurpose of the Technology: These crops fix nitrogen, so they help fertilise the soil so that farmers can plough or harrow the land after 5-10 years to grow annual crops again.Alfa-alfa and esparzet can be harvested for 6-10 years without tillage (depending on the soil characteristics and inclination).\r\n\r\nEstablishment / maintenance activities and inputs: As yield from perennial herbaceous fodder plant fields starts declining around 4-6 years after the initial cultivation, farmers make up for declining yields by applying additional seeds. Alfa-alfa and esparzet can be harvested twice a year (3-4 harvests a year if irrigated), which results in a significantly higher annual farm fodder production in comparison to ordinary haymaking fields.\r\n\r\nNatural / human environment: Some farmers reported problems in growing esparzet or alfa-alfa on slopes with an inclination of more than 30%. However, various examples have shown that these perennial herbaceous fodder plants can be cultivated on steep slopes of up to 60%. On steep slopes an extra amount of seeds must be applied to offset those lost downslope by washing before germinating. Alfa alfa and esparzet are effective in reducing soil erosion since their cultivation leads to an more intact ground cover throughout the year. Furthermore, not needing to tillage for up to ten years helps conserve the soil resources.", "ru": "\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u042d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043d\u043e\u044f. \u041b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 6 \u0434\u043e 10 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b.\r\n\r\n\u041d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438: \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0437\u043e\u0442 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0432 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 5-10 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440. \r\n\u041b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 6 \u0434\u043e 10 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b (\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430).\r\n\r\n\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0423\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f 4-6 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044f\u043d. \u041b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434 (3-4 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438), \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f\\\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430: \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 30%. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432 60%. \u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044f\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044f\u043d \u0434\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432."}}], "tech_qg_4": [{"tech_spread_area": "tech_spread_1_10", "tech_spread_tech": "tech_spread_evenly"}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_experiments"]}], "tech_qg_6": [{"tech_main_purpose": ["main_purpose_degradation"]}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Major land use problems (compiler\u2019s opinion): severe soil erosion (gullies and rills) and subsequent fertility decline on the cropland and overgrazed pastures\r\n\r\nMajor land use problems (land users\u2019 perception): fertility decline, soil erosion and washing downslope of seeds before they can sprout.\r\n\r\nType of cropping system and major crops comments: If perennial herbaceous fodder plants are used as green manure, farmers will try to grow annual crops again 6-10 years after the initial cultivation. If crop yields remain low, farmers resort to growing herbaceous fodder plants as permanent crops.", "ru": "\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f): \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b (\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f), \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449\r\n\r\n\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f): \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u044f, \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044f\u043d \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\r\n\r\n\u0422\u0438\u043f \u0441\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435: \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 6-10 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u0442\u043e \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443."}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_agronomic", "tech_measures_vegetative", "tech_measures_management"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland"]}], "tech_qg_10": [{"tech_growing_seasons": "growing_season_1", "tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ca", "lu_cropland_cp"], "tech_growing_seasons_specify": {"en": "Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Aug", "ru": "\u0412\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 (\u0434\u043d\u0438): 210. \u0412\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430\u043c: \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442 - \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442"}, "tech_lu_cropland_annual_cropping_crops": ["annual_crops_453", "annual_crops_445", "annual_crops_421", "annual_crops_vegetables_other"], "tech_lu_cropland_annual_cropping_crops_other": {"en": "esparzet", "ru": "esparzet"}}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_rainfed", "tech_watersupply_comments": {"en": "Water supply also mixed rainfed - irrigated.", "ru": "\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435"}}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_groundcover"]}], "tech_qg_21": [{"tech_measures_agronomic_sub": ["measures_agronomic_a1", "measures_agronomic_a6"]}], "tech_qg_22": [{"tech_measures_vegetative_sub": ["measures_vegetative_v2"]}], "tech_qg_24": [{"tech_measures_management_sub": ["measures_management_m1"]}], "tech_qg_26": [{"tech_measures_comments": {"en": "Main measures: agronomic measures\r\n\r\nType of agronomic measures: green manure", "ru": "\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f: \u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\r\n\u0422\u0438\u043f \u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 : \u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442"}}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_erosion_water", "degradation_chemical"]}], "tech_qg_28": [{"degradation_erosion_water_sub": ["degradation_wt", "degradation_wg"]}], "tech_qg_30": [{"degradation_chemical_sub": ["degradation_cn"]}], "tech_qg_34": [{"degradation_comments": {"en": "Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content\r\n\r\nSecondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying\r\n\r\nMain causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Deforestation in the lower slopes), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Early in spring and late Fall grazing have led exploitation of natural grassland, because grass doesn't develop further.), overgrazing (Extensive grazing in the major issues in the region), change of seasonal rainfall (Lesser rainfall days), population pressure (Population increase puts more pressure on the natural resources, such as forests and grassland.)\r\n\r\nSecondary causes of degradation: floods (Floods become common over the last 10 years)", "ru": "\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0425\u0430 (Cn): \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435 (\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439)"}}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_reduce_ld", "intervention_rehabilitate"], "tech_prevention_comments": {"en": "Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land\r\n\r\nSecondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation", "ru": "\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438: \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f / \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438\r\n\r\n\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438: \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 / \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438"}}], "tech_qg_37": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 10.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "tools", "ru": "\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 10.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_38": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 30.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "seeds", "ru": "\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 30.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring / at initial cultivation", "ru": "\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439/\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f (4-6 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438)"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "sowing", "ru": "\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044f\u043d"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring / only at initial cultivation (perennial plants)", "ru": "\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439/\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f (4-6 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438)"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "harrowing of land", "ru": "\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044f\u043d"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring / only at initial cultivation (perennial plants)", "ru": "\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439/\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "harrowing of land", "ru": "\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring / at initial cultivation", "ru": "\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439/\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "sowing", "ru": "\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "summer / two harvests: first harvest in June, second harvest in August", "ru": "\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c/ 2 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430: \u0432 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "harvesting (haymaking)", "ru": "\u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f (\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441)"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring / when yields start declining (4-6 years after initial cultivation)", "ru": "\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439/\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "applying of additional seeds", "ru": "\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0432"}}], "tech_qg_45": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 18.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "harrowing of land", "ru": "\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 18.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 12.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "haymaking", "ru": "\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 12.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_52": [{"tech_input_maint_comments": {"en": "Machinery/ tools: harrow, scythe", "ru": "\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b: \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441"}}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_751_1000"]}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_subhumid", "tech_agroclimatic_zone_semiarid"], "tech_agroclimatic_zone_specifications": {"en": " growing period 180-210 days ", "ru": "\u0432\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 180-210 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439"}}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_rolling", "tech_slopes_hilly"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_hillslopes", "tech_landforms_valleyfloors"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_500_1000", "tech_altitudinalzone_1000_1500"]}], "tech_qg_57": [{"tech_topography_comments": {"en": "Altitudinal zone: Also 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.\r\n\r\nLandforms: Also valles floors\r\n\r\nSlopes on average: Also steep", "ru": "\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430: 1,501-2,000 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f\r\n\r\n\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0444: \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\r\n\r\nSlopes on average: Also steep"}}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_verydeep"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_medium", "tech_topsoil_organic_low"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_medium", "tech_soil_texture_fine"]}], "tech_qg_59": [{"tech_soil_comments": {"en": "Soil fertility: very high\r\n\r\nSoil drainage / infiltration: medium - good", "ru": "\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0435: \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435\r\n\r\n\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0436 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f - \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u044f"}}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_wealth": ["tech_wealth_average", "tech_wealth_rich"], "tech_mechanisation": ["mechanisation_manual", "mechanisation_mechanised"], "tech_offfarm_income": ["offfarm_income_50_plus"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_subsistence", "tech_market_orientation_mixed"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size": ["tech_land_size_1_2", "tech_land_size_2_5"], "tech_land_comments": {"en": "Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: Also 0.5-1 ha\r\n\r\nHouseholds with 1-2 ha are depending on available work force, labour is limiting factor\r\n", "ru": "\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438: 0.5-1 \u0433\u0430, 1-2 \u0433\u0430, 2-5 \u0433\u0430"}}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_state"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_leased"]}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "Annual population growth: 1% - 2%\r\n\r\n5% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land.\r\n75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.\r\n\r\nOff-farm income specification: In general, all farmers (including those applying SWC technologies) are highly dependent on off-farm income which in most cases is earned in Russia either by themselves or by their relatives.\r\n\r\nLevel of mechanization: Ploughing is carried out by tractor whenever possible, but animal traction als existent.\r\n\r\nMarket orientation of production system subsistence (self-supply): subsistence, but surpluses sold \r\n", "ru": "5% \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0442 15% \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438.\r\n75% \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0442 70% \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u0414\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044b: \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435 (\u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432) \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438"}}], "tech_qg_79": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "two (if irrigated three) harvests possible\r\n\t\t\t\t", "ru": "\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f ( \u0442\u0440\u0438 - \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438) \r\n\t\t\t\t"}, "tech_impacts_fodderproduction": 7}], "tech_qg_80": [{"tech_impacts_fodderquality": 7}], "tech_qg_87": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "loss of anual cropland for food crop production", "ru": "\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440"}, "tech_impacts_productionarea": 2}], "tech_qg_93": [{"tech_input_est_comments": {"en": "Duration of establishment phase: 0 month(s)", "ru": "\u0421\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: 0 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432"}}], "tech_qg_95": [{"tech_input_determinate_factors": {"en": "costs per hectare under following assumptions: esparzet: 50kg/ha (price per kg: 0.65 USD) or \r\nalfa alfa: 15kg/ha (price per kg: 2 USD)", "ru": "\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442: 50\u043a\u0433/\u0413\u0430 (\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 1 \u043a\u0433: 0,65 $\u0421\u0428\u0410) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430: 15\u043a\u0433/\u0413\u0430 (\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 1 \u043a\u0433: 2 $\u0421\u0428\u0410)"}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_TJK", "state_province": {"en": "RRS", "ru": "\u0422\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0420\u0420\u0421"}, "further_location": {"en": "Faizabad Rayon", "ru": "\u0424\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0434"}}], "tech_qg_104": [{"tech_impacts_farmincome": 5}], "tech_qg_116": [{"tech_impacts_conflictmitigation": 5}], "tech_qg_126": [{"tech_impacts_soilcover": 7}], "tech_qg_127": [{"tech_impacts_soilloss": 6}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_dollar": "tech_input_dollars", "tech_input_average_wage": {"en": "3.00", "ru": "3.00"}}], "tech_qg_168": [{"tech_exposure_incrdecr": "increase", "tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_179": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_positive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_positive"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_positive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_positive"}], "tech_qg_184": [{"user_id": "232", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"user_id": "1166", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_specifications": {"en": "Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: low\r\n\r\nMain technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,\u2026)\r\n\r\nSecondary technical functions: increase in organic matter\r\n\r\nGreen manure\r\nMaterial/ species: esparzet, alfa alfa\r\nRemarks: sowing: 55kg/ha (esparzet), 15kg/ha (alfa alfa)", "ru": "\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432: \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439\r\n\r\n\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439\r\n\r\n\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 (\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432,...)\r\n\r\n\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\r\n\r\n\u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\r\n\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u042d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0435\u0442, \u043b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\r\n\u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e: \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0432: 55\u043a\u0433 (\u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0435\u0442), 15 \u043a\u0433/\u0433\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430"}}], "tech_qg_189": [{"tech_impacts_other_measure": 7, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "soil fertility", "ru": "\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0435"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased", "ru": "\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "icreased", "ru": "\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c"}}, {"tech_impacts_other_measure": 6, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "biodiversity", "ru": "\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 "}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "diminished", "ru": "\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "enhanced", "ru": "\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c"}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support\r\n\r\nComments on spontaneous adoption: estimates\r\n\r\nThere is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology\r\n\r\nComments on adoption trend: Instead of leaving unproductive cropland uncultivated, some farmers have recently started cultivating alfa alfa or esparzet. Often esparzet is preferred by farmers to alfa alfa, since espartzet-hay is easier to feed to animals because of its hollow stem.", "ru": "100% \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438\r\n\r\n\u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438: \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\r\n\r\n\u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \r\n\r\n\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442. \u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0442-\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439."}, "tech_adoption_quantify": {"en": "NA", "ru": "NA"}, "tech_adoption_spontaneously": "tech_adoption_spont_90_100"}], "tech_qg_197": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_202": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_205": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_not_well"}], "tech_qg_214": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_222": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs": 40.0}], "tech_qg_223": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs": 30.0}], "tech_qg_232": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs_usd": 40.0}], "tech_qg_233": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs_usd": 30.0}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "18/07/2005"}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1489153638745,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[69.3198,38.589699999999965]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_funding_project": [{"funding_project": 15}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "increase farm production of good quality fodder\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? If land is irrigated three, (instead of two) harvests are possible each year", "ru": "\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\r\n\r\n\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c? \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0434\u044b (\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437) \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "reduces soil erosion through an intact ground cover being present throughout the year\r\n\r\nfertilizes soil through nitrogen fixation\r\n\r\neasy to implement, easy to maintain", "ru": "\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "involves only little costs for establishment, almost no inputs for maintainance", "ru": "\u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "can be used to improve canopy cover on uncultivated (abandoned) cropland", "ru": "\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445) \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0445"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "no tillage necessary for 6-10 years\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? additional application of seeds when yields start declining", "ru": "\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 6-10\u043b\u0435\u0442\r\n\r\n\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c? \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044f\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f"}}], "qg_funding_institution": [{"funding_institution": 155}, {"funding_institution": 426}], "qg_strengths_landusers": [{"strengths_landuser": {"en": "increase of fodder production", "ru": "\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "fertilises unproductive cropland", "ru": "\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "easy to feed to cows in winter", "ru": "\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "in comparison to ordinary hayfields, two to three harvests are possible", "ru": "\u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 2-3 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "only a few inputs required", "ru": "\u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434"}}], "qg_weaknesses_compiler": [{"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "loss of land which could have been used for production of food crops", "ru": "\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "cultivate perennial herbaceous fodder plants especially on land which is unsuitable for production of annual crops", "ru": "\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440"}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "increase of farm fodder production allows farmers to have more animals which ultimately will lead to further overgrazing of pastures", "ru": "\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "keep animals in stables - cut and carry system", "ru": "\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u2013 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430"}}], "qg_weaknesses_landusers": [{"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "loss of possible cropland", "ru": "\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "higher return from fodder production than for limited crop production on degraded land", "ru": "\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430\u0445"}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1000/map/', 'template': 'raw'}