1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Institut des Régions Arides de Médenine (Institut des Régions Arides de Médenine) - 突尼斯

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Commissariats Régionaux au Développement Agricole (CRDA) - 突尼斯

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

22/09/2008

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Jessour is an ancient runoff water harvesting technique widely practiced in the arid highlands

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Jessour technology is generally practised in mountain dry regions (less than 200 mm annually) with medium to high slopes. This technology was behind the installation of very old olive orchards based on rainfed agriculture in rugged landscapes which allowed the local population not only to ensure self-sufficiency but also to provide neighbouring areas many agricultural produces (olive oil, dried figs, palm dates, etc.).

Jessour is the plural of jessr, which is a hydraulic unit made of three components: the impluvium, the terrace and the dyke. The impluvium or the catchment is the area which collects and conveys runoff water. It is bordered by a natural water divide line (a line that demarcates the boundary of a natural area or catchment, so that all the rain that falls on this area is concentrated and drained towards the same outlet). Each unit has its own impluvium, but can also receive excess water from upstream units. The terrace or cropping zone is the area in which farming is practised. It is formed progressively by the deposition of sediment. An artificial soil will then be created, which can be up to 5 m deep close to the dyke. Generally, fruit trees (e.g. olive, fig, almond, and date palm), legumes (e.g. pea, chickpeas, lentil, and faba bean) and barley and wheat are cultivated on these terraces.

Purpose of the Technology: Although the jessour technique was developed for the production of various agricultural crops, it now also plays three additional roles: (1) aquifer recharge, via runoff water infiltration into the terraces, (2) flood control and therefore the protection of infrastructure and towns built downstream, and (3) wind erosion control, by preventing sediment from reaching the downstream plains, where windspeeds can be particularly high.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: In the Jessour, a dyke (tabia, sed, katra) acts as a barrier used to hold back sediment and runoff water. Such dykes are made of earth, and are equipped with a central and/or lateral spillway (masref and/or manfes) and one or two abutments (ktef), assuring the evacuation of excess water. They are trapezoidal and measure 15-50 m in length, 1-4 m in width and 2-5 m in height. In old units, the dyke is stabilised with a covering of dry stones to overcome the erosive effects of water wave action on the front and back of the dyke. The spillway is made of stones arranged in the form of stairs, in order to dissipate the kinetic energy of the overflow.
This technology is currently encountered in the mountain ranges of Matmata of South Eastern Tunisia where the local agricultural activities are based mainly on rainfed agriculture and livestock breeding. However, high rates of migration to cities may threaten the long-term maintenance of those structures.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

Jessour is an ancient runoff water harvesting technique widely practiced in the arid highlands, which are dominated by outcroppings of calcareous formations and depositions of quaternary calcareous silt.

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Loss of surface water (runoff), problems of flooding, water erosion, soil degradation, drought

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ct: Tree and shrub cropping

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Water supply: rainfed, mixed rainfed - irrigated

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Mar

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 防风林/防护林带
• 集水
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 100-1,000 平方千米

注释:

This technology is developed mainly in the upstream areas of the study watershed (mountainous zone of Béni Khédache). This system is based on runoff water harvesting for fruit trees cropping (mainly olives). The cropping areas are relatively small and rarely exceed 0.25 ha.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: structural measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Main causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), change of seasonal rainfall, Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), poverty / wealth

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management, overgrazing, land tenure

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation
Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Left: Cross-section of dyke (locally called tabia) and terrace (cropping area).
The Jessour ensure the collection of both runoff water and sediments allowing creating very deep ‘artificial’ soils (terrace) which form a very good reservoir for water and nutrients to be used by fruit trees and annual crops.
Right: The spillway allows the overflow to the other Jessour downstream. It also represents the symbol of water sharing equity between different farmers in the same watershed. (Drawing adapted from El Amami (1984))

Location: Mountainous zone near Beni Khedache. Medenine

Date: 1984

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase of infiltration, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, harvesting of runoff water / water trapping

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, increase of biomass (quantity)

Spillway
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 2-5
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4-0.6
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 2-6

Dam/ pan/ pond
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2-3
Spacing between structures (m): 30-70
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 2-6
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1-5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 10-40

Construction material (earth): Main dyke

Construction material (stone): Spillway and in some cases the dyke (external coating)

Construction material (concrete): Occasionally for consolidation of the spillway.

Lateral gradient along the structure: <1%

Specification of dams/ pans/ ponds: Capacity 300-1000m3

Catchment area: 1-10ham2

Beneficial area: 0.01-1ham2

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:5

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

TD

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

1.3

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Dyke construction	结构性的
2.	Plantations	结构性的
3.	Spillway construction	结构性的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	1200.0	1200.0	100.0
植物材料		ha	1.0	800.0	800.0	100.0
施工材料		ha	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					3000.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Crop and trees maintenance	结构性的	Annually
2.	Dyke and spillway maintenance	结构性的
3.	Repairs	结构性的
4.	Tillage (against soil sealing)	结构性的
5.	Tillage (against soil sealing)	结构性的	Annually and after rainy events

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	400.0	400.0	100.0
植物材料		ha	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
施工材料		ha	1.0	300.0	300.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					900.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Tractor, animals and manual works.

The technology establishment and maintenance costs met by the land users are 100% if executed on a private basis, but it can range from 10 to 50% when the site is subject to a publicly-funded programme.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Found in inaccessible and even remote areas, labour is the most determining factors affecting the costs of this system.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 101-500 m a.s.l. (This is the most appropriate location)
Landforms: Mountain slopes (This is the most appropriate location)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth: Very shallow-shallow. Very deep in particular case of loess deposits.
Soil fertility is: Very low
Soil drainage/infiltration is: Medium
Soil water storage: Medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality untreated: Poor drinking water (treatement required) (ground water better than surface water (cisterns))

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: Historically, the hard work is done by men.
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
10% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land.
80% of the land users are average wealthy and own 75% of the land.
10% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: The technique is very ancient and, therefore, ALL the farmers apply this technology. The only difference is the number of the owned units.
Off-farm incomes come from migration, construction works, commerce, tourism sector, administration or informal activities.
Level of mechanization: Manual work and animal traction (Especially in remote areas with difficult access)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

注释:

The communal rule applies in this region: the farmer owns the terrace (the cropping area) and its impluvium from which the runoff is harvested.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

90% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: This technique is very ancient and it is therefore already fully adopted/used in the region.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Well known technique by the local population How can they be sustained / enhanced? training of new generations

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
This technique allowed a expansion of cropping lands in the mountain area How can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure
Allows crop production in very dry environments (with less than 200 mm of rainfall) How can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure
Collects and accumulates water, soil and nutrients behind the tabia and makes it available to crops How can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure
Reduced damage by flooding How can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure
Well adapted technology for the ecological environment How can they be sustained / enhanced? ensure maintenance works

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Productivity of the land is very low	Development of alternative income generation activities.
Land ownership fragmentation	New land access

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Risks related to the climatic changes	It needs to be combined with supplemental irrigation
Risk of local know how disappearence	Trainig of new generations
Land ownership fragmentation	Agrarian reform

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

El Amami, S. 1984. Les aménagements hydrauliques traditionnels en Tunisie. Centre de Recherche en Génie Rural (CRGR), Tunis, Tunisia. 69 pp.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ENGREF - Tunis

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ennabli, N. 1993. Les aménagements hydrauliques et hydro-agricoles en Tunisie. Imprimerie Officielle de la République Tunisienne, Tunis, 255 pp.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

INAT - Tunis

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ben Mechlia, N., Ouessar, M. 2004. Water harvesting systems in Tunisia. In: Oweis, T., Hachum, A., Bruggeman, A. (eds). Indigenous water harvesting in West Asia and North Africa, , ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, pp: 21-41.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ICARDA

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Genin, D., Guillaume, H., Ouessar, M., Ouled Belgacem, A., Romagny, B., Sghaier, M., Taamallah, H. (eds) 2006. Entre la désertification et le développement : la Jeffara tunisienne. CERES, Tunis, 351 pp.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA; IRD

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ouessar M. 2007. Hydrological impacts of rainwater harvesting in wadi Oum Zessar watershed (Southern Tunisia). Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 154 pp.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Sghaier, M., Mahdhi, N., De Graaff, J., Ouessar, M. 2002. Economic assessment of soil and water conservation works: case of the wadi Oum Zessar watershed in south-eastern Tunisia.TRMP paper n° 40, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, pp: 101-113.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA