1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Université catholique de Louvain (Université catholique de Louvain) - 比利时

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Centre for Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics (Centre for Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics) - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/08/1999

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A combination of three measures to stabilise dunes: area closure, the use of palisades, and vegetative fixation through natural regeneration as
well as planting.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In the Sahelian zone of Niger, sand dune encroachment can lead to loss of agricultural and pastoral land, and threatens villages. These dunes may form as a result of an increase in wind erosion, but more frequently originate from formerly stabilised dunes that have become mobile again following the disappearance of vegetation. Vegetation loss may occur through a combination of unfavourable climatic conditions and overexploitation by grazing and fuelwood gathering.

Purpose of the Technology: Sustainable dune fixation requires the regeneration of vegetation on the mobile parts of the dunes. For plants to establish, the dunes need to be protected by mechanical measures while being defended against any kind of use. Hence, the technique of dune stabilisation consists of a combination of three measures. These are as follows: (1) Area closure by wire fencing and guarding to prevent exploitation of the area during the rehabilitation phase until vegetation is sufficiently established (2-3 years). (2) Construction of millet stalk palisades arranged ideally in ‘checker-board’ squares, which act as windbreaks. These physical structures are a barrier to sand transport by wind, and thus are a prerequisite for revegetation. After two years the palisades fall apart and decompose - and the vegetation takes over the dune fixation function. Small erosion gullies can be controlled by check dams made from stone or millet stalks. (3) Natural regeneration, planting and seeding of annual and perennial plants (including Acacia spp. and Prosopis spp.) for soil stabilisation.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: As soon as vegetation cover is established on the denuded surfaces the dunes can be used for grazing or for harvesting of herbs and fuelwood. Period and frequency of use should be determined in common agreement with all actors involved. In addition the pasture on the dune can be used as a ’reserve’ for late dry-season grazing, depending on vegetation development and herd size. Between 1991 and 1995, just over 250 ha of sand dunes were stabilised in the case study area. Incentives were provided by the ‘Projet de Développement Rural de Tahoua’ (PDRT, see also ‘Participatory land rehabilitation’ approach). After 1995 no further dunes were stabilised due to the high cost of the wire fencing, which local communities simply could not afford themselves. However, as the objective of the fence is to keep out humans and animals during critical periods (the rainy season), the same effect could be obtained at no financial cost through ‘social fencing’, that is agreement between stakeholders on where there should be no grazing. Furthermore the technology itself - which works well - could be relevant to situations where higher investment can be justified for specific reasons.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

• reduce loss of land

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The area suffers from an imbalance between availability of natural resources (constrained by soil fertility and rainfall) and the rapid growth of the human and livestock populations. As a result, there is chronic food insufficiency and an associated overexploitation of the natural resource base. Accelerated wind and water erosion further enhance the degradation of the soil resources. From the farmers’ perspective, the main problems are lack of grazing land, wood and drinking water (due to sinking water tables), insufficient and unevenly distributed rainfall. Sand dunes are fragile: when overexploited, they soon remain with only unpalatable plant species, eg Panicum turgidum. When the vegetation cover on dunes decreases even further, dunes start moving again, threatening fields, villages or depressions used for fruit and vegetable cropping.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 90; Longest growing period from month to month: Jul - Sep

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 区域封闭（停止使用，支持恢复）
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 2 km2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: droughts (manque de pluie; pluie mal répartie), land tenure, faim

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (pas de jachère; pas suffisamment d'intrants. Mulching, engrais, mat. organique), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (combustibles), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing, population pressure (croissance de la population), poverty / wealth (Manque de moyens financiers), labour availability, education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Sand dunes in the process of stabilisation: millet stalk palisades hinder detachment and displacement of sand particles through wind, and help vegetative cover to re-establish. Fences exclude animals during the restoration process.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed, stabilise sand dune surface, control detachment of particles by wind

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter

Agronomic measure: regenerated and seeded vegetation cover

Structural measure: millet stalk palisades

Structural measure: check dams (optional)

Change of land use practices / intensity level: area closure, controlled grazing

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Construction of wire fence around the dune	结构性的	December to June
2.	Palisade construction, 2000 m/ha.	结构性的	December to June
3.	Guarding the fenced area	管理	all year round

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Enclose area and protect	ha	1.0	300.0	300.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0
植物材料	Tree seedlings	ha	1.0	20.0	20.0
施工材料	Wire fence	ha	1.0	1120.0	1120.0
技术建立所需总成本					1450.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

In the Sahelian zone of Niger, wind erosion constitutes one of the major causes of land degradation. Measures to combat wind erosion and sand encroachment were developed through a rural development project. However in this case the cost was too high to justify continuation: nevertheless the technology itself may be applicable in other situations

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Harvesting of millet stalks , 2,000 bundles/ha (1 bundle = 6-10 kg).	农业学的	October to February / initial establishment
2.	Seeding of herbaceous plants	农业学的	May, just before rainy season / initial establishment
3.	Transplanting of locally available trees reared in a tree nursery	农业学的	June to July, early rainy season / initial establishment
4.	Replanting of dead tree/shrub seedlings (20% replanting).	农业学的	June to July /
5.	Guarding the area closure	管理	all year round /
6.	Controlled grazing once the dune has been stabilised: for periods of between 1 day and a week every 2 to 3 weeks – as determined	管理	/ between 1 day and a week every 2 to 3 weeks

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Maintain area and guarding	ha	1.0	45.0	45.0	100.0
植物材料	Tree seedlings	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0
技术维护所需总成本					50.0

注释:

Labour (per ha, for establishment) includes installing wire fence (16 person days), collecting and transporting millet stalks and installing palisades (175 person days), sowing of herbaceous plants (2 person days), planting tree/shrub species (6 person days). Seedlings: under PDRT the tree nursery was financed by the project and the plants delivered to the ‘village’ - planting was done by the local population.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Off-farm income specification: due to out-migration of labour, commerce and also arts and crafts

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

有关影响评估的意见:

Off-site benefits are difficult to assess and do not necessarily accrue to the local land users

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There is no spontaneous adoption as the technology is too expensive, labour intensive, and implemented on communal land.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Technically it is feasible to prevent dune encroachment and hence reduce the danger it exerts on arable/pastoral land and villages How can they be sustained / enhanced? Prevent overexploitation, apply SWC measures that are technically and financially feasible (eg use cheaper fencing material or ‘social fencing’).
Decrease loss of arable/pastoral land How can they be sustained / enhanced? Prevent overexploitation.
Additional income to the land user How can they be sustained / enhanced? Planting multipurpose tree/shrub species on the protected dunes, encourage pasture management systems eg rotational grazing.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Soil cover is very sensitive to overexploitation	In order to increase acceptance, involve the whole community in the planning and management processes of the stabilised dune.
Social conflicts between farmers and herders due to area closure	In order to increase acceptance, involve all actors, including pastoralists or their representatives, in the planning and management process of the stabilised dune.
Use materials for the palisades that do not have an alternative use as fodder (as millet stalks do) for example twigs of Leptadenia pyrotechnica). Plastic nets exist for making palisades, but these are very expensive. Labour requirements difficult to circumvent.	Initiate the establishment of sustainable management systems eg communally managed rotational grazing systems.
Area closure to prevent exploitation of stabilised dunes means restricted access to potential grazing areas	Involved actors can agree upon a local convention that prohibits access during rehabilitation – ‘social fencing’ – and restricted exploitation after this phase. PDRT started to plant Euphorbia balsamifera within the fence with the idea of eventually removing and using it on another site.
High costs for fencing