1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

DESIRE (EU-DES!RE)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales (IIAF) - 墨西哥

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Institut de recherche pour le développement IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement IRD) - 法国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

SECRETARÍA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE Y RECURSOS NATURALES (SECRETARÍA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE Y RECURSOS NATURALES) - 墨西哥

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH) - 墨西哥

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/10/2010

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Agave forestry land reclamation system with native agaves, trees, shrubs and grasses planted through participatory action for a sustainable production of mezcal and other products in order to generate high incomes for farmers.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Rehabilitation of degraded land is achieved using native agave (Agave inaequidens), trees and/or fruit trees, shrubs and grasses to create, over the medium-term (7-10 years), sustainable production of a traditional alcoholic drink (mezcal) made from agave and/or cosmetic and medicinal products, and/or fibres and/or fodder for cattle and/or wood. Between the agave plants, native vegetation is managed or planted for use as food, fodder and/or medicinal products. Depending on the slope and the level of land degradation, continuous planted rows of agave provide a ’green’ barrier that controls soil erosion and runoff.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose is to achieve sustainable land rehabilitation while generating a high income for the farmer. This allows reducing the amount of livestock and overgrazing, which is the main cause of soil erosion in this region. The production of mezcal gives local farmers high incomes. Trees, shrubs and grasses for medicinal uses, food, and fodder are complements of agave production and are processed mainly by women, while agave harvesting is a male activity. As it is very attractive financially, farmers stay in the communities instead of emigrating to cities or abroad. Biodiversity is preserved and increased using native plants (agaves, trees, shrubs, grasses). These plant associations are effective at controlling plant pests and diseases. Turning eroded into productive soil sequesters carbon and increases water availability as a result of the new soil cover.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Unlike most agave, Agave inaequidens reproduces from seed, which requires harvesting the seeds from native plants in the fields. One plant generates 80,000 seeds with a 90% success rate of germination, which is enough to cover 25 ha of agave forestry plantations set up to control soil erosion. After harvesting seeds from native agaves, trees and shrubs, seedlings and small plants are raised in a greenhouse and nursery managed by the owners and tenants of the land in the first year. At the beginning of the rainy season, these are planted in plots protected from cattle grazing for at least the first two years after planting. The harvesting activity for trees, shrubs and grasses is done annually, but for the agaves only once every 7 to 12 years depending on the degree of soil degradation. Some months before harvesting, the flower from the stem has to be cut. The leaves are then cut and left in the plot while the 50 kg heart of the agave (“piña”) is removed. Mezcal is produced from the heart and requires an average of three weeks and at least two men to process 25 agave plants (1.5 tonnes), which produces about 300 litres of mezcal.

Natural / human environment: Poverty levels in the area are medium to high and the income from agriculture accounts for only 10 to 20% of the total family budget. People, therefore, do not have time to install soil erosion protection systems in the fields. Cattle graze freely everywhere and the number of animals is increasing annually, which also increases soil erosion. Locals know how to produce mezcal, but they prefer to buy it from other people who take wild plants from their lands to process them. The proximity of the site to the Michoacán of Ocampo state capital and the recognition of the designation of origin for mezcal by the authorities will enhance its value for future production.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

注释（项目类型等）:

10 years ago, at Titzio, close to Cointzio basin, A. Martinez developped the culture of a wild native agave (Agave Cupreata) for alcohol production which was done traditionnaly for local consumming. We are following this project and objectives, but we are improving it for land remediation and soil erosion control too with a new species of native Agave (A. inaequidens)

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Mainly overgrazing due to uncontrolled grazing by cattle.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion by water due to the storms and improper land use.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, grazing / browsing, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.), nature conservation / protection

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 190; Longest growing period from month to month: June to November

牲畜密度（如相关）:

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 横坡措施
• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 0.1-1 平方千米

注释:

630 km2 is the area of the Cointzio watershed. Untill now (2010), 10 ha have been managed with this technics and from 2011, 50 ha/year will be done (at least)

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, management measures

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, mixed cropping / intercropping, contour planting / strip cropping, cover cropping, retaining more vegetation cover, breaking compacted topsoil, contour ridging, breaking compacted subsoil

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Hs: change in quantity of surface water

Main causes of degradation: soil management (System of one year culture/one year fallow with cattle), overgrazing (THE real cause of soil erosion here), poverty / wealth (Cattle is used as a "bank on 4 feet")

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Untill 30 years ago, some wood was used for carbon used for cooking), population pressure

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Agave production is based on planting them with trees along the contour. Herbs are maintained / planted or sown between the plants. Depending on the slope, one or more dense lines of agaves (1 plant every 25 cm) is planted for control of soil erosion and runoff, including a lateral gradient to the gully which will evacuate the excessive runoff. Footpaths are planned for the maintenance of the plantation

Location: Michoacán. Mexico

Date: 2010

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (low for reproduction, plantation and cultivation and middle for alcohol production)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (low for reproduction, plantation and cultivation and middle for alcohol production)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), increase of infiltration, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of surface roughness, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Better crop cover
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Cover cropping
Material/ species: Native trees+herbaceous

Agronomic measure: Herbaceous
Material/ species: Native herbaceous

Agronomic measure: Leafs from trees
Material/ species: Native trees
Quantity/ density: 270
Remarks: Trees per ha

Breaking compacted topsoil
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Contour ridging
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Breaking compacted subsoil
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): 1200
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 30
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0,25
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: O : other

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Perennial crops species: Agave inaequidens (mature between 7 to 14 years)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 30%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Layout change according to natural and human environment: Natives plants are used, planted according to the slopes and the rest of vegetation still existing

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

mexican pesos

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

13.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Selection and collect Agave and tree seeds	植物性的	1 week
2.	Building of greenhouses incl. soil and organic matter	植物性的	1 month
3.	Fencing of greenhouses with barbed wire, poles and nails (0.5 ha	植物性的
4.	Seeding & maintaining in greenhouses	植物性的	3 monthes
5.	Installation of a nursery for agaves and trees and transplantation of seedlings in plastic bags	植物性的	2 weeks
6.	Plant care and maintaining in nursery (9 months)	植物性的	9 monthes
7.	Transportation of plants in plastic bags	植物性的
8.	Plantation of plants (agaves and trees)	植物性的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Building of greenhouses	persons/day	21.0	523.8095	11000.0
劳动力	Seeding & maintaining in greenhouses	persons/3 months	2.0	5000.0	10000.0
劳动力	Installation of a nursery for agaves and trees	persons/day	14.0	1071.4285	15000.0
劳动力	Plant care and maintaining in nursery	persons/9months	2.0	15000.0	30000.0
植物材料	Selection and collect Agave and tree seeds	plants	5.0	100.0	500.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Materials for plant care	months	9.0	2777.7777777	25000.0
施工材料	Materials for greenhouse	trees	60000.0	0.056666666	3400.0
施工材料	Materials for greenhouse	agave	200000.0	0.035	7000.0
施工材料	Materials for fences	m	1500.0	2.4	3600.0
施工材料	Materials for nurserys	trees	60000.0	1.5	90000.0
施工材料	Materials for nurserys	agaves	200000.0	0.2	40000.0
技术建立所需总成本					235500.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Cleaning around plants to give them space the first 3 years (For 1 person 10 days)	农业学的	1 time/year
2.	Cutting the scape before the harvest (For 1 person 15 days)	农业学的	1 time in agave life (between 7-14 years)
3.	Weeding around plants to give them space during the first 3 years (10 person days)	植物性的	1 time/year
4.	Cutting the stalk before the harvest (15 person days)	植物性的	1 Agavelife time (7 to 14 years old)
5.	Replanting of agaves after 7 to 14 years (restarting of a new cycle of production, see establishment activities)	植物性的

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Weeding around plants	persons/day	10.0	160.0	1600.0	10.0
劳动力	Cutting the stalk before the harvest	persons/day	15.0	150.0	2250.0	10.0
技术维护所需总成本					3850.0

注释:

Calculations are for the plantation of 200,000 plants (agaves and trees) which correspond to the numbers of plants for 100 ha in the agave forestry example presented here. The main portion of these plants is planted by the community on the own land; the rest is given or sold to other communities or private people. The lifetime of the greenhouse, nursery and fencing installations are around 10 years.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most important factors determining the costs are: 1) the materials to build a greenhouse and the personal to take care of young plants; 2) the difficulties to make holes in the indurated soils, which takes time and efforts; and 3) the distance between the nursery and the field requires time and efforts (truck carrying the plants).

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also steep, very steep and moderate

Altitudinal zone (2000-2500 m a.s.l.) : The Agave inaequidens grows is this conditions but other spieces of Agaves grow in other agroclimatic conditions

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: For Agaves and herbaceous no problems, for trees much more difficult

Soil texture (topsoil): For Agaves, trees and herbaceous no problems

Soil fertility is very low - medium: For Agaves, trees and herbaceous no problems

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - poor: For Agaves and herbaceous no problems, but some difficulties for some tree species

Soil water storage capacity is very low - medium: For Agaves and herbaceous no problems, but some difficulties for some tree species

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table: Also > 50 m and for Agaves, trees and herbaceous no problems

Availability of surface water: Also poor/ none and for Agaves and herbaceous no problems, but some difficulties for some tree species

Water quality (untreated): Also unusable

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Use of native species

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Men for hard works: digging holes during the plantation and carrying plants during the harvest
Women and men, do the rest of the activities

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

Relative level of wealth: average, poor, very poor

34% of the land users are average wealthy.
33% of the land users are poor.
33% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: off farm incomes represent between 80 to 90% of the annual incomes! This money is obtain through an "external" job, business, trade, or by money send by family from the USA

Market orientation of production system: 90% commercial but some plants (fruit trees, some herbaceus) can be consummed.

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for seed collect, greenhouse, digging holes, plantation, cleaning and harvesting and in some case, tractor can pass to make sub soiling for the plantation of Agave lines to control soil erosion.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

• ejido

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

• ejido

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

• ejido

注释:

"ejido" is the community organisation in Mexico: land belongs to the state but it is managed by the community. Some areas can be used by everybody; others are assigned to the land user families.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

That is why, state institutions fund the installations of this system meanwhile the production did not start. After that, benefits generated will be enough to motivate people to increase by themselves, the surface to remediate, without economical helps.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

50 households covering 10 percent of the stated area

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

50 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: The program just start in 2010, so it is too early to reduce the experience at few hectares!
As the land users belongs to the same comunity ("ejido"), formally, all the inhabitants are involved in some way by this experience

Comments on spontaneous adoption: As the program just started in 2010, it is impossible to have an exact overview of the results now (end of 2011). As the land users belong to the same community ("ejido"), formally, all the inhabitants are involved in some way

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: It is too early to identify an adoption trend.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Remediation of degraded land turning it to a sustainable production generating very high incomes in the medium term How can they be sustained / enhanced? life will change drastically and not necessarily for the better. Transparency and communication regarding benefits and land use are necessary.
Project done in a participative way where different kind of stakeholders are involved: administrations, politics, scientists and people. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain workshops dynamic between stakeholders, present results to other authorities and forum
Low-cost project but need to be funded and supported with technical and institutional advice to initiate the first cycle of the project. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Farmers can start to produce their mezcal from the wild agaves to sell them to wholesalers and use this money to pay for the project.
As a result of the economical benefits, young people will stay in the communities. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Involve the young to guarantee the future: develop the marketing, the diversification of the products, the quality of production, etc.
It will hopefully reduce the number of cattle, which are the main cause of soil erosion, as farmers lose interest in cattle raising. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Authorities need to monitor this and inform the farmers about the ecological impact of too much free cattle grazing.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Obligation to find external funds to pay the first steps of the system (greenhouse, planting, etc.) due to the lack of incomes amongst farmers.	Involve all stakeholders in the project
Be sure that alcohol production will not be consummed in excess in the community	Control of the volume of the production, and the sufficiently high selling price should avoid "losing" the production at local scale
Risk that the benefits will be captured by few people	Transparency and stakeholder communication in accounting for the benefits
Marketing and selling the products	Authorities help the farmers to contact sellers. The formation of communities of producers, leading to products conforming to regulations that maintain good quality and provide certification.
Owing to the high incomes, life will change drastically and not necessarily for the better.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Colunga-García Marín P., D. Zizumbo-Villareal, J.T. Martínez. 2007. Tradiciones en el aprovechamiento de los agaves mexicanos: una aportación a la protección legal y conservación de su diversidad biológica y cultural. In: En lo Ancestral hay Futuro: del Tequila, los Mezcales y otros Agaves. P. Colunga-GarcíaMarín, L. Eguiarte, A. Larqué, D. Zizumbo-Villarreal (eds). CICY-CONACYT-CONABIO-SEMARNAT-INE. México D.F., pp. 85-112.

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

DESIRE project Mexico partner (IRD 22)

URL:

http://www.desire-project.eu/