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Technologies
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Land reclamation by agave forestry with native species [Mexico]

Recuperación de tierras degradadas por agaveforestería con especies locales de agaves, arboles y herbaceas (Spanish)

technologies_1114 - Mexico

Completeness: 84%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
SLM specialist:

Martínez Palacios Alejandro

(443) 334-0475

apalacios56@gmail.com

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

km 9.5 carr. Morelia-Zinapecuaro, Tarímbaro, Michoacán 58330

Mexico

SLM specialist:

Ríos Patrón Eduardo

(443) 322-6017

eduardo.rios@semarnat.gob.mx

Delegación de SEMARNAT en Michoacán, Unidad de Planeación y Política Ambiental

Morelia, Michoacán

Mexico

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
DESIRE (EU-DES!RE)
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales (IIAF) - Mexico
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Institut de recherche pour le développement IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement IRD) - France
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
SECRETARÍA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE Y RECURSOS NATURALES (SECRETARÍA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE Y RECURSOS NATURALES) - Mexico
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH) - Mexico

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

01/10/2010

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Agave forestry land reclamation system with native agaves, trees, shrubs and grasses planted through participatory action for a sustainable production of mezcal and other products in order to generate high incomes for farmers.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Rehabilitation of degraded land is achieved using native agave (Agave inaequidens), trees and/or fruit trees, shrubs and grasses to create, over the medium-term (7-10 years), sustainable production of a traditional alcoholic drink (mezcal) made from agave and/or cosmetic and medicinal products, and/or fibres and/or fodder for cattle and/or wood. Between the agave plants, native vegetation is managed or planted for use as food, fodder and/or medicinal products. Depending on the slope and the level of land degradation, continuous planted rows of agave provide a ’green’ barrier that controls soil erosion and runoff.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose is to achieve sustainable land rehabilitation while generating a high income for the farmer. This allows reducing the amount of livestock and overgrazing, which is the main cause of soil erosion in this region. The production of mezcal gives local farmers high incomes. Trees, shrubs and grasses for medicinal uses, food, and fodder are complements of agave production and are processed mainly by women, while agave harvesting is a male activity. As it is very attractive financially, farmers stay in the communities instead of emigrating to cities or abroad. Biodiversity is preserved and increased using native plants (agaves, trees, shrubs, grasses). These plant associations are effective at controlling plant pests and diseases. Turning eroded into productive soil sequesters carbon and increases water availability as a result of the new soil cover.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Unlike most agave, Agave inaequidens reproduces from seed, which requires harvesting the seeds from native plants in the fields. One plant generates 80,000 seeds with a 90% success rate of germination, which is enough to cover 25 ha of agave forestry plantations set up to control soil erosion. After harvesting seeds from native agaves, trees and shrubs, seedlings and small plants are raised in a greenhouse and nursery managed by the owners and tenants of the land in the first year. At the beginning of the rainy season, these are planted in plots protected from cattle grazing for at least the first two years after planting. The harvesting activity for trees, shrubs and grasses is done annually, but for the agaves only once every 7 to 12 years depending on the degree of soil degradation. Some months before harvesting, the flower from the stem has to be cut. The leaves are then cut and left in the plot while the 50 kg heart of the agave (“piña”) is removed. Mezcal is produced from the heart and requires an average of three weeks and at least two men to process 25 agave plants (1.5 tonnes), which produces about 300 litres of mezcal.

Natural / human environment: Poverty levels in the area are medium to high and the income from agriculture accounts for only 10 to 20% of the total family budget. People, therefore, do not have time to install soil erosion protection systems in the fields. Cattle graze freely everywhere and the number of animals is increasing annually, which also increases soil erosion. Locals know how to produce mezcal, but they prefer to buy it from other people who take wild plants from their lands to process them. The proximity of the site to the Michoacán of Ocampo state capital and the recognition of the designation of origin for mezcal by the authorities will enhance its value for future production.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Mexico

Region/ State/ Province:

Mexico/Michoacán state

Further specification of location:

Morelia municipality

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Comments (type of project, etc.):

10 years ago, at Titzio, close to Cointzio basin, A. Martinez developped the culture of a wild native agave (Agave Cupreata) for alcohol production which was done traditionnaly for local consumming. We are following this project and objectives, but we are improving it for land remediation and soil erosion control too with a new species of native Agave (A. inaequidens)

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry

Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry

  • Agro-pastoralism
  • Agro-silvopastoralism
Main products/ services:

semi perennial cropping (7-10 years): Agave inaequidens

annual: Herbaceous

tree cropping: Wood, fodder and fruits

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Mainly overgrazing due to uncontrolled grazing by cattle.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion by water due to the storms and improper land use.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, grazing / browsing, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.), nature conservation / protection

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 190; Longest growing period from month to month: June to November

Livestock density (if relevant):

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • improved ground/ vegetation cover
  • cross-slope measure
  • improved plant varieties/ animal breeds

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:
  • 0.1-1 km2
Comments:

630 km2 is the area of the Cointzio watershed. Untill now (2010), 10 ha have been managed with this technics and from 2011, 50 ha/year will be done (at least)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

agronomic measures

  • A1: Vegetation/ soil cover
vegetative measures

vegetative measures

  • V1: Tree and shrub cover
structural measures

structural measures

  • S11: Others
management measures

management measures

  • M3: Layout according to natural and human environment
Comments:

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, management measures

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, mixed cropping / intercropping, contour planting / strip cropping, cover cropping, retaining more vegetation cover, breaking compacted topsoil, contour ridging, breaking compacted subsoil

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
  • Wg: gully erosion/ gullying
physical soil deterioration

physical soil deterioration

  • Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities
biological degradation

biological degradation

  • Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
  • Bq: quantity/ biomass decline
  • Bs: quality and species composition/ diversity decline
water degradation

water degradation

  • Hs: change in quantity of surface water
Comments:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Hs: change in quantity of surface water

Main causes of degradation: soil management (System of one year culture/one year fallow with cattle), overgrazing (THE real cause of soil erosion here), poverty / wealth (Cattle is used as a "bank on 4 feet")

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Untill 30 years ago, some wood was used for carbon used for cooking), population pressure

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Author:

Alejandro Martinez, apalacios56@gmail.com

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Agave production is based on planting them with trees along the contour. Herbs are maintained / planted or sown between the plants. Depending on the slope, one or more dense lines of agaves (1 plant every 25 cm) is planted for control of soil erosion and runoff, including a lateral gradient to the gully which will evacuate the excessive runoff. Footpaths are planned for the maintenance of the plantation

Location: Michoacán. Mexico

Date: 2010

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (low for reproduction, plantation and cultivation and middle for alcohol production)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (low for reproduction, plantation and cultivation and middle for alcohol production)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), increase of infiltration, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of surface roughness, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Better crop cover
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Cover cropping
Material/ species: Native trees+herbaceous

Agronomic measure: Herbaceous
Material/ species: Native herbaceous

Agronomic measure: Leafs from trees
Material/ species: Native trees
Quantity/ density: 270
Remarks: Trees per ha

Breaking compacted topsoil
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Contour ridging
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Breaking compacted subsoil
Material/ species: Agave inaequidens+native trees+herbaceous
Quantity/ density: 830/270
Remarks: Agaves/Trees per ha

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): 1200
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 30
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0,25
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: O : other

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Perennial crops species: Agave inaequidens (mature between 7 to 14 years)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 30%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Layout change according to natural and human environment: Natives plants are used, planted according to the slopes and the rest of vegetation still existing

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
  • per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:

100 ha

other/ national currency (specify):

mexican pesos

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

13.0

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

160

4.4 Establishment activities

Activity Type of measure Timing
1. Selection and collect Agave and tree seeds Vegetative 1 week
2. Building of greenhouses incl. soil and organic matter Vegetative 1 month
3. Fencing of greenhouses with barbed wire, poles and nails (0.5 ha Vegetative
4. Seeding & maintaining in greenhouses Vegetative 3 monthes
5. Installation of a nursery for agaves and trees and transplantation of seedlings in plastic bags Vegetative 2 weeks
6. Plant care and maintaining in nursery (9 months) Vegetative 9 monthes
7. Transportation of plants in plastic bags Vegetative
8. Plantation of plants (agaves and trees) Vegetative

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Building of greenhouses persons/day 21.0 523.8095 11000.0
Labour Seeding & maintaining in greenhouses persons/3 months 2.0 5000.0 10000.0
Labour Installation of a nursery for agaves and trees persons/day 14.0 1071.4285 15000.0
Labour Plant care and maintaining in nursery persons/9months 2.0 15000.0 30000.0
Plant material Selection and collect Agave and tree seeds plants 5.0 100.0 500.0
Fertilizers and biocides Materials for plant care months 9.0 2777.7777777 25000.0
Construction material Materials for greenhouse trees 60000.0 0.056666666 3400.0
Construction material Materials for greenhouse agave 200000.0 0.035 7000.0
Construction material Materials for fences m 1500.0 2.4 3600.0
Construction material Materials for nurserys trees 60000.0 1.5 90000.0
Construction material Materials for nurserys agaves 200000.0 0.2 40000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 235500.0
Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Type of measure Timing/ frequency
1. Cleaning around plants to give them space the first 3 years (For 1 person 10 days) Agronomic 1 time/year
2. Cutting the scape before the harvest (For 1 person 15 days) Agronomic 1 time in agave life (between 7-14 years)
3. Weeding around plants to give them space during the first 3 years (10 person days) Vegetative 1 time/year
4. Cutting the stalk before the harvest (15 person days) Vegetative 1 Agavelife time (7 to 14 years old)
5. Replanting of agaves after 7 to 14 years (restarting of a new cycle of production, see establishment activities) Vegetative

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Weeding around plants persons/day 10.0 160.0 1600.0 10.0
Labour Cutting the stalk before the harvest persons/day 15.0 150.0 2250.0 10.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 3850.0
Comments:

Calculations are for the plantation of 200,000 plants (agaves and trees) which correspond to the numbers of plants for 100 ha in the agave forestry example presented here. The main portion of these plants is planted by the community on the own land; the rest is given or sold to other communities or private people. The lifetime of the greenhouse, nursery and fencing installations are around 10 years.

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The most important factors determining the costs are: 1) the materials to build a greenhouse and the personal to take care of young plants; 2) the difficulties to make holes in the indurated soils, which takes time and efforts; and 3) the distance between the nursery and the field requires time and efforts (truck carrying the plants).

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

Rainy season from june to october

Agro-climatic zone
  • semi-arid

Thermal climate class: subtropics

Thermal climate class: temperate

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
  • not relevant
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Slopes on average: Also steep, very steep and moderate

Altitudinal zone (2000-2500 m a.s.l.) : The Agave inaequidens grows is this conditions but other spieces of Agaves grow in other agroclimatic conditions

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • medium (1-3%)
  • low (<1%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: For Agaves and herbaceous no problems, for trees much more difficult

Soil texture (topsoil): For Agaves, trees and herbaceous no problems

Soil fertility is very low - medium: For Agaves, trees and herbaceous no problems

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - poor: For Agaves and herbaceous no problems, but some difficulties for some tree species

Soil water storage capacity is very low - medium: For Agaves and herbaceous no problems, but some difficulties for some tree species

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

5-50 m

Availability of surface water:

medium

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Ground water table: Also > 50 m and for Agaves, trees and herbaceous no problems

Availability of surface water: Also poor/ none and for Agaves and herbaceous no problems, but some difficulties for some tree species

Water quality (untreated): Also unusable

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • high
Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Use of native species

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial
Off-farm income:
  • > 50% of all income
Individuals or groups:
  • groups/ community
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
  • mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Men for hard works: digging holes during the plantation and carrying plants during the harvest
Women and men, do the rest of the activities

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

Relative level of wealth: average, poor, very poor

34% of the land users are average wealthy.
33% of the land users are poor.
33% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: off farm incomes represent between 80 to 90% of the annual incomes! This money is obtain through an "external" job, business, trade, or by money send by family from the USA

Market orientation of production system: 90% commercial but some plants (fruit trees, some herbaceus) can be consummed.

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for seed collect, greenhouse, digging holes, plantation, cleaning and harvesting and in some case, tractor can pass to make sub soiling for the plantation of Agave lines to control soil erosion.

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale
Comments:

Also 15-50 ha

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • communal/ village
  • individual, titled
  • ejido
Land use rights:
  • communal (organized)
  • individual
  • ejido
Water use rights:
  • communal (organized)
  • individual
  • ejido
Comments:

"ejido" is the community organisation in Mexico: land belongs to the state but it is managed by the community. Some areas can be used by everybody; others are assigned to the land user families.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased

fodder production

decreased
increased

fodder quality

decreased
increased

animal production

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Reduction number of animals but improvement of meat production

wood production

decreased
increased

product diversity

decreased
increased

production area

decreased
increased
Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased

diversity of income sources

decreased
increased

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced
improved

health situation

worsened
improved
Comments/ specify:

Directly by plants , indirectly with the money earned, it is possible to buy medecinal products.

If producers sell their alcohol production abroad, no problems, if not problems!

cultural opportunities

reduced
improved

recreational opportunities

reduced
improved

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Huge beneficts can create great conflicts!

conflict mitigation

worsened
improved

situation of socially and economically disadvantaged groups

worsened
improved

impact on the community due to the huge beneficts

small
big
Comments/ specify:

It can be positive as well as negative (may induce corruption, violence)

livelihood and human well-being

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

The production of alcohol beverage (certified Mescal) from agaves, and/or in medicinal products, will generate very high Incomes for stakeholders. Life will change drastically. This allows the farmer's sons to stay in the community and work in the fields.

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

harvesting/ collection of water

reduced
improved

surface runoff

increased
decreased

groundwater table/ aquifer

lowered
recharge
Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil cover

reduced
improved

soil loss

increased
decreased

soil crusting/ sealing

increased
reduced

soil compaction

increased
reduced

nutrient cycling/ recharge

decreased
increased
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

biomass/ above ground C

decreased
increased

plant diversity

decreased
increased

animal diversity

decreased
increased

habitat diversity

decreased
increased
Climate and disaster risk reduction

fire risk

increased
decreased

wind velocity

increased
decreased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

water availability

decreased
increased

reliable and stable stream flows in dry season

reduced
increased

downstream flooding

increased
reduced

downstream siltation

increased
decreased

groundwater/ river pollution

increased
reduced

buffering/ filtering capacity

reduced
improved

damage on neighbours' fields

increased
reduced

damage on public/ private infrastructure

increased
reduced

biodiversity

decreased
increased

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season Type of climatic change/ extreme How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm well
local windstorm well
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
drought well
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

negative

Long-term returns:

very positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

negative

Long-term returns:

very positive

Comments:

That is why, state institutions fund the installations of this system meanwhile the production did not start. After that, benefits generated will be enough to motivate people to increase by themselves, the surface to remediate, without economical helps.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • 1-10%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

50 households covering 10 percent of the stated area

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%
Comments:

50 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: The program just start in 2010, so it is too early to reduce the experience at few hectares!
As the land users belongs to the same comunity ("ejido"), formally, all the inhabitants are involved in some way by this experience

Comments on spontaneous adoption: As the program just started in 2010, it is impossible to have an exact overview of the results now (end of 2011). As the land users belong to the same community ("ejido"), formally, all the inhabitants are involved in some way

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: It is too early to identify an adoption trend.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Remediation of degraded land turning it to a sustainable production generating very high incomes in the medium term

How can they be sustained / enhanced? life will change drastically and not necessarily for the better. Transparency and communication regarding benefits and land use are necessary.
Project done in a participative way where different kind of stakeholders are involved: administrations, politics, scientists and people.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain workshops dynamic between stakeholders, present results to other authorities and forum
Low-cost project but need to be funded and supported with technical and institutional advice to initiate the first cycle of the project.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Farmers can start to produce their mezcal from the wild agaves to sell them to wholesalers and use this money to pay for the project.
As a result of the economical benefits, young people will stay in the communities.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Involve the young to guarantee the future: develop the marketing, the diversification of the products, the quality of production, etc.
It will hopefully reduce the number of cattle, which are the main cause of soil erosion, as farmers lose interest in cattle raising.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Authorities need to monitor this and inform the farmers about the ecological impact of too much free cattle grazing.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Obligation to find external funds to pay the first steps of the system (greenhouse, planting, etc.) due to the lack of incomes amongst farmers. Involve all stakeholders in the project
Be sure that alcohol production will not be consummed in excess in the community Control of the volume of the production, and the sufficiently high selling price should avoid "losing" the production at local scale
Risk that the benefits will be captured by few people Transparency and stakeholder communication in accounting for the benefits
Marketing and selling the products Authorities help the farmers to contact sellers. The formation of communities of producers, leading to products conforming to regulations that maintain good quality and provide certification.
Owing to the high incomes, life will change drastically and not necessarily for the better.

7. References and links

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Colunga-García Marín P., D. Zizumbo-Villareal, J.T. Martínez. 2007. Tradiciones en el aprovechamiento de los agaves mexicanos: una aportación a la protección legal y conservación de su diversidad biológica y cultural. In: En lo Ancestral hay Futuro: del Tequila, los Mezcales y otros Agaves. P. Colunga-GarcíaMarín, L. Eguiarte, A. Larqué, D. Zizumbo-Villarreal (eds). CICY-CONACYT-CONABIO-SEMARNAT-INE. México D.F., pp. 85-112.

7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online

Title/ description:

DESIRE project Mexico partner (IRD 22)

URL:

http://www.desire-project.eu/

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