1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel (GIZ )

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - 德国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Misereor - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/07/2012

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Zai planting pits are designed to collect rainwater and to conserve nutrients in order to improve crop production and food security.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Zai or tassa planting pits are an old farming technique rediscovered after the great drought of 1973/74 and later perfected by development partners working with the farmers. It involves digging planting pits with a diameter of at least 30 to 40 cm and 10 to 15 cm deep. They are spaced 70 to 80 cm apart, resulting in around 10,000 pits per hectare. Staggered rows of holes are dug perpendicularly to the slope. The earth dug out of the hole is piled up to form a small ridge around the rim, which captures water. A couple of handfuls of organic fertiliser or compost are put into each pit. They are normally made in the dry season before the first rains start. However, it is recommended that the pits be made immediately after the rainy season, when the soil is still moist and the weather is not too hot. If the pits are in place early in the dry season, they act as traps during the windy period in February and March, retaining rich dust carried by the harmattan and wind-blown organic matter. At least 3 tonnes of compost per hectare is recommended.

Purpose of the Technology: The arrangement of the pits in staggered rows ensures the most efficient collection of rainwater and slows the flow of water over the surface. The zai technique concentrates and conserves nutrients and water near the roots of the plants grown in them. The application of organic fertiliser directly around the plants is an economical use of a factor of production to which most farmers have limited access. It also reactivates biological activity, increases fertility and loosens the soil.
As zai planting pits restore degraded, uncultivated land, they lessen the pressure to clear other land for farming. They also reduce the vulnerability of plants during dry spells and droughts, ensuring crop production and improving food security.
Plots with zai planting pits (with fertiliser) average yields of 409 kg of millet grain per hectare, compared to 195 kg per hectare registered on control plots. Millet yields can therefore be doubled with this technique.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The zai technique requires high labour input. It is estimated that between 40 and 60 man-days per hectare are required, depending on the density of the pits. There is a mechanised system for making the holes, using a special animal-drawn plough, which considerably reduces the number of man-days required to 7 per hectare.
If the pits are prepared each year or once every two years (using the same pits or making new ones in the spaces between the old ones), soil fertility is restored and the crop cycle can be resumed. The application of organic fertiliser in sufficient quantities enables the plot to be cultivated sustainably. After five years, it can be farmed in the normal way.
Covering extensive areas with zai planting pits requires a high level of community mobilisation and effective organisation and logistics. Apart from this, the technique is very simple to implement and easily mastered by the farmers.

Natural / human environment: Zai planting pits are used on marginal or degraded land that is no longer cultivated, such as low-gradient pediments and land with encrusted soil in areas with rainfall levels of less than 800 mm a year. They are not recommended for sandy soils, as they are not stable when dug in this type of soil, or for valley bottoms, where they risk being flooded. Zai planting pits are particularly useful in areas where land use pressure is high, as they permit the rehabilitation of unproductive land for farming.
From the point of view of climate change adaptation, zai planting pits are particularly useful in areas with erratic or low rainfall, as they prevent the loss of water. As the fertiliser is placed inside the pits, it is not washed away by heavy rain.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

developed, implemented and disseminated as part of projects and programmes undertaken from the 1980s onwards to combat desertification and improve natural resource management. Implemented by GIZ (German Federal Enterprise for International Cooperation), PDRT (Projet de développement rural de Tahoua - Tahoua Rural Development Project), PASP (Projet de protection intégrée des ressources agro-sylvo-pastorales Tillabéri-Nord - Project for the Integrated Protection of Agricultural, Forest and Rangeland Resources in Tillabéri-Nord)

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): soil erosion, fertility decline, aridification, loss of limited rainwater by runoff
Type of cropping system and major crops comments: farmers are mainly agropastoralists with some communities specialised on pure pastoralism
Constraints of forested government-owned land or commons
Type of grazing land: Extensive grazing: Nomadism, semi-nomadism/pastoralism. Intensive grazing: Cut-and-carry/zero grazing and improved pasture

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: August to October

牲畜密度（如相关）:

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 最小的土壤扰动
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Unadapted landuse methods, reduced or abandoned fallow periods), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Neglect of fallow periods and crop rotation), droughts (due to heat waves), population pressure (rapidly growing population increasing pressure on land), land tenure (insecure access to land and collectively managed communal land), poverty / wealth (very poor population)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (deforestation through overgrazing and fire wood collection), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (firewood collection), overgrazing (cattle, sheep and goats), change in temperature (Climate change: heat waves), change of seasonal rainfall (more variable onset of rain), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (more variable and intensive rains), wind storms / dust storms (frequent storms), floods (due to intensive rain storms), labour availability (some migration of men to nearby cities), education, access to knowledge and support services (high level of illiteracy)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

It involves digging planting pits with a diameter of at least 30 to 40 cm and 10 to 15 cm deep. They are spaced 70 to 80 cm apart, resulting in around 10,000 pits per hectare. Staggered rows of holes are dug perpendicularly to the slope. The earth dug out of the hole is piled up to form a small ridge around the rim, which captures water. A couple of handfuls of organic fertiliser or compost are put into each pit.

Location: Niger

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate
Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting
Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), reduction in wind speed

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Spacing between structures (m): 0.7-0.8
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.15
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3-0.4

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

CFA Franc

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	marking out the rows perpendicular to the slope	结构性的
2.	digging pits in staggered rows	结构性的
3.	forming a ridge on the downhill side	结构性的
4.	A couple of handfuls of organic fertiliser or compost are put into each pit	农业学的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labour		1.0	16.3	16.3
劳动力	transport and planting trees		1.0	12.3	12.3
设备	machine use		1.0	23.6	23.6
植物材料	seedlings
技术建立所需总成本					52.2

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	the pits are prepared each year or once every two years (using the same pits or making new ones in the spaces between the old ones	结构性的
2.	applying organic fertiliser every two years (1 to 2 hand-fuls per pit, amounting to around 3 tonnes per hectare).	农业学的

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour: 40 to 60 man-days per hectare
• marking out the rows perpendicular to the slope
• digging pits in staggered rows
• forming a ridge on the downhill side
• applying organic fertiliser every two years (1 to 2 handfuls per pit, amounting to around 3 tonnes per hectare).
Other costs: transportation of 30 cartloads of manure.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: Fine to medium (sandy to clayey loams)
Soil fertility: Very low to medium
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor and medium (ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity: Low and medium (ranked 2)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 3% - 4% (mostly poor households below poverty line).
Off-farm income specification: men migrate temporarily or permanently to cities for off-farm income, women and men seasonally carry out paid farm work
Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply, Most households crop for subsistence, mainly for small agropastoralists ), mixed (subsistence/commercial, crop surplus is sold on market, medium agropastoralists) and commercial market (Some vegetable growing, pastoralists)
Level of mechanization: Menual work (ranked 1) and animal traction (ranked 2, ox, donkey)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

注释:

traditional land use rights prevail. On fields individual land use rights, communal rights on pasture and forest land (collection of wood and other products (fruits, medicinal plants))

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The arrangement of the pits in staggered rows ensures the most efficient collection of rainwater and slows the flow of water over the surface. The zai technique concentrates and conserves nutrients and water near the roots of the plants grown in them.
Zai planting pits are particularly useful in areas where land use pressure is high, as they permit the rehabilitation of unproductive land for farming. Therefore they lessen the pressure to clear other land for farming.
They also reduce the vulnerability of plants during dry spells and droughts, ensuring crop production and im- proving food security.
It permits a rational use of fertiliser. When fertiliser is spread on the surface of a plot without zai planting pits, it can be washed away by runoff.
very simple to implement and easily mastered by the farmers

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The zai technique requires high labour input.
Zai planting pits are not recommended for light soils, as they fill in too quickly

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation. A contribution to adaptation and farmers´ resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Published by GIZ in 2012.

URL:

http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Main_Page