1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: SLM in Practice - Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa (SLM in Practice)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie, Université de Lomé (ESA) - 多哥

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

22/08/2007

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Shelterbelts made of leguminous trees and shrubs protect annual crops from wind erosion.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

On the vast denuded plains of Pays Kabyé in northern Togo, barriers of leguminous trees (e.g. Cassia siamea or spectabilis; a medium sized tree growing between 10-20 m tall; Albizzia procera, Leucaena leucocephala) and shrubs (Cajanus cajan, Erythrina variegate) are established between fields cultivated with annual crops such as maize. The shelterbelts provide a good micro-climate and protect the crops against the counterproductive effects of wind speed such as wind erosion, soil water loss through evaporation and physical damage to crops. The shelterbelts’ effectiveness depends on their permeability, their spacing and the direction of planting in relation to the wind direction: A proportion of 40-50% of holes (openings, void) in relation to the total surface of the shelterbelt is desirable, and establishment of tree rows perpendicularly to the main wind direction is most effective. In order to reduce lateral turbulence the wind breaks need to reach a length of minimum 10 times their height. Shelterbelts protect 15-25 times their height on the leeward and 1-2 their height on the windward side. If the area to be protected is large, several wind breaks need to be established. The denser the shelterbelts are, the better the windbreaking effect, but the higher the competition with crops for nutrients, light and water. Frequent pruning helps to avoid too much competition and provides fuelwood. In case leguminous tree species are used, soil properties can be improved through nitrogen fixation and the provision of organic matter (leaves).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): adverse effects of wind speed on soil humidity and crop yield

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): breaking of corn stalks and therefore decline of crop yield

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: May-October

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 防风林/防护林带

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.8 km2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil, Eo: offsite degradation effects, Ha: aridification

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Spacing between windbreak rows is 20-25 m. The row of windbreak can be of a single tree line, of double tree lines, etc. depending on wind speed and scope of protection. The in between tree line spacing is 5 m (see photo). Plant density can range from 100 – 200 plants/ha depending on the number of tree lines planed within a windbreak.

Location: Tchitchao. Préfecture de la Kozah

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: reduction in wind speed

Aligned: -against wind
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 40
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 20.00
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5.00

Trees/ shrubs species: Cassia siamea or spectabilis, Albizzia procera, Leucaena leucocephala, Cajanus cajan, Erythrina var

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Determine the area to be protected and alignment of shelterbelts (1,2, or 3 lines of trees); rows to be established perpendicular to main wind direction)	植物性的	during rainy season
2.	Dig planting pits at a spacing of 2-3 meters	植物性的	during rainy season
3.	Planting of seedlings (when conditions are favourable)	植物性的	during rainy season
4.	Establish plant nursery	植物性的	during rainy season
5.	Regular irrigation of young tree seedlings after plantation; Weeding; Reduce density to a spacing 5 m between trees	植物性的	during rainy season

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	86.0	86.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	90.0	90.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					376.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Weeding (according to necessity / speed of regrowth)	植物性的	according to necessity / speed of regrowth
2.	Pruning to avoid shading effect on crops

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	139.0	139.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	23.0	23.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					162.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: hand tools such as hoe, machete and measuring tape

the indicated costs apply per hectare unit

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The monetary costs include the purchase of seeds, cuttings or nursery plants and labour for the preparation and planting. In certain circumstances, it is necessary to protect young trees against browsing and other damage.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Also hill slopes and plateau/plains (both ranked 2)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility: Medium
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium (ranked 1) and good (ranked 2)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

1% of the land users are rich and own 100% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: these revenues are lower than for farmers who did not implement the wind breaks

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There is no growing trend of spontaneous adoption in the region since the windbreak technology is little known by most farmers

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Reduced wind speed How can they be sustained / enhanced? No exploitation or destruction of trees
Soil conservation How can they be sustained / enhanced? Avoid burning the shelter belts
Provision of forestry products How can they be sustained / enhanced? Reglementation of use of these products
High aestethic value of trees in the landscape
Increased crop yield How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain the micro-climate generated by the shelter belts

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Reduced area for cultivation of crops	establish the minimum of shelterbelts necessary for optimal protection
Reduced crop yields alongside shelterbelts (competition for nutrients, light, water)	avoid dense planting of trees and shrubs; frequently prune the trees
Shelterbelts provide habitat for vermins / pests (rats, insects)	frequently hunt these animals
Increased labour inputs

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Care International au Togo. 1997. Agroforestry training and demonstrations in northern Togo. Final report to European Union B7-5040/93/21

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Louppe, D., H. Yossi. 1999. Les haies vives défensives en zones sèches et sub-humides d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Atelier Jachères, Dakar.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ariga, E. S., 1997. Availability and Role of Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs in Sustainable Agriculture in Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 10:2/3, 25-35.