1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: SLM in Practice - Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa (SLM in Practice)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (WECARD/CORAF) - 塞内加尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Parklands are the traditional agroforestry systems of semi-arid West Africa or Sahel where naturally growing, valuable trees are protected and nurtured on cropping and grazing lands

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

For the rural people in the Sahel, parkland trees are multipurpose: they are a grocery shop, a pharmacy and a silo at the same time. People rely on many locally cherished species to provide food and nutritional security for both human and livestock populations and to protect and enrich soils. Important tree species are baobab (Adansonia digitata), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Faidherbia albida, shea nut or karité (Vitellaria paradoxa, see photo 1 below) and néré (Parkia biglobosa). Crop production can be increased below and around the trees (especially under Faidherbida albida) due to the favourable micro-climate, accumulation of soil organic matter through litter fall, prunings and root decay in the predominantly sandy and poor soils.
Parkland management practices include: assisted tree regeneration (see Assisted Natural Regeneration, Burkina Faso; and FMNR, Niger); Tree planting (mostly in vicinity of family compounds); Improved fallows (under which economically useful and fertility-improving trees are planted before cropping is discontinued) and fire protection. Farmers commonly apply silvicultural techniques to increase production of parkland trees. These include seedling protection and fencing, watering, and the selection of vigorous shoots. Pruning is done to improve productivity of trees, reduce shade and enhance understorey crop performance and to produce fuelwood and fodder. It stimulates leaf regrowth, causes an additional foliation peak during the rainy season and depresses pod production. Coppicing and pollarding represent a way of limiting competition with intercrops and providing wood and other tree products in species with good vegetative growth.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 降低灾害风险
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Desertification, decline of soil organic matter and fertility, soil loss through water erosion

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 120

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Ha: aridification

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of infiltration, increase of biomass (quantity)

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Trees/ shrubs species: Faidherbia albida, Tamarindus indica, Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa, Adansonia digitata

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Retaining saplings from natural regeneration or wildings	植物性的	before rainy seasons
2.	Planting improved material (early stage)	植物性的
3.	Grafting for shortening juvenile phase and improving fruit quality (initiation stage)	植物性的
4.	Pruning to form erect canopy	植物性的
5.	Protection from animals by dead or live fences	植物性的

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Weeding around seedlings when necessary	植物性的	rainy season
2.	Pruning as necessary (pruned branches are dried and used for fuelwood): annually	植物性的
3.	Pollarding (pruning of side branches to improve light for understorey crops	植物性的
4.	Felling some trees to reduce density as they grow bigger (during dry season)	植物性的

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Machinery/ tools: All activities carried out by manual labour using machetes (panga) or hoes

Data on costs is not available. However, costs for management of the land use system are low; only some pruning and trimming of trees is needed which is effectively ‘harvesting’ of fodder and wood.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Data on costs is not available. However, costs for management of the land use system are low; only some pruning and trimming of trees is needed which is effectively ‘harvesting’ of fodder and wood.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 101-500 m a.s.l. (Saponé)

5.3 土壤

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: poor and better-off farmers (basically everyone who has land)

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地使用权:

• 个人

注释:

majority has ownership of the land, few borrow

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

注释:

Increased tolerance through the use of indigenous species

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

100% of the area covered

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: 10s of millions of people live in the traditional parklands of Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal and Niger. In Mali alone an estimated 3.6 million people practice parkland agroforestry with 40 trees per hectare.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Generation of several ecological benefits
Wood provision for rural as well as urban population
Increased food security thanks to fruit production

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Seedlings and wildings not always readily available	encourage local seed collection and setting up of group tree nurseries
Livestock sometimes damage the young seedlings	protection by fencing
Dry periods result in low seedling survival rates: planting not possible in dry areas	combine technology with fencing
Competition with crops	regular pruning of side branches
Long period to fruiting	use vegetative propagation of superior trees

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Jonsson K, CK. Ong and JCW. Odongo. 1999. Influence of scattered nere and karite trees on microclimate, soil fertility and millet yield.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Experimental Agriculture 35:39-53.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Bayala J., J. Balesdent, C. Marol, F. Zapata, Z. Teklehaimanot, SJ. Quedrago. 2006. Relative contribution of trees and crops to soil carbon content in a parkland system in Burkina Faso using natural 13C abundance.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 76:193-201.

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Boffa, J.M. 1999. Agroforestry parklands in Sub-Saharan Africa. FAO Conservation guide no.34, Rome, 230pp

URL:

http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x3940e/X3940E00.htm#TOC