1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWC) - 中国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

30/05/2000

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Terraces with narrow beds, used for growing tea, coffee, and horticultural crops on hillsides cleared from forests.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The terraces described in this case study from northern Thailand are found on hilly slopes with deep soils. The climate is humid and tropical, with 1,700-2,000 mm of rainfall annually. The main aim of the terraces is to facilitate cultivation of tea or coffee on sloping land: erosion control is secondary. Coffee and tea, as well as flowers and vegetables, are good alternatives to opium poppies - which it is government policy to eradicate.

Purpose of the Technology: After clearing natural and secondary forests by slash and burn, terraces are aligned by eye - and constructed by hoe. The width of the bed is 1.0-1.5 m depending on slope, though there are no specific technical guidelines. The length of each terrace can be up to 25 m. Down the slope, after every 3-4 terraces, there are lateral drainage channels, approximately 20-30 cm wide and 10 cm deep. Situated at the foot of a riser, each channel has a gradient of 0.5% or less. Excess water - some of which cascades over the terrace risers, with some draining through the soil - is discharged through these channels, generally to natural waterways. The risers are steep, with a slope of above 100%, and without a defined lip.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Natural grass cover develops on the risers: this is cut back by hand hoe or machete, or completely removed. The grass is often burned. After harvest (of annual crops), the land is left until immediately before the next rainy season. The terraces at this stage are covered by weeds and grasses. Land is then tilled by hoe. The weeds and grasses are removed and heaped in piles outside the cropped area. They are not composted or used for mulching - and here an opportunity is missed. Where soil fertility is a problem, chemical fertilizers are used. Maintenance includes building up/repairing of risers and levelling of terrace beds as required.

Natural / human environment: The technology was pioneered, and continues to be practiced, by refugee immigrants from China looking for new areas to start farming. These immigrants first came in the 1950s, and cultivated simply through slash and burn techniques. During the 1970s they visited relatives in Taiwan and brought back the idea of small terraces. Originally they settled illegally, but eventually they were given official permission to stay. However, official title deeds to their land have not yet been allocated.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

Taiwan.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): - soil erosion on cultivated hillsides
- practical difficulties in tending tea, coffee, vegetables and flowers on sloping land: farming is much easier on levelled land
- Lacking of land ownership (The whole area is reserved forest.)
- Low price of agricultural produce.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): 1. Lacking of land ownership. 2. Landusers do not have Thai citizenship; less than 20% have ID cards (not citizenship).
Forest: before SWC measures

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 150 Longest growing period from month to month: Dec - Apr

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施
• 引水和排水

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 5 km2.

This practice has been done by tribal people such as E-kaw, Lahu, Lisu, Mien, Khin, Thai Yai, Haw Chinese, H'mong

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), Lack of enforcement of legislation or authority

Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (Agricultural activities), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Layout of small level bench terraces. After every third or fourth terrace a lateral drainage channel is built. Later, protective grass cover is established on the risers (right).

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Vegetative measure: grass on risers (optional)
Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.4
Spacing between structures (m): 0.3
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 25

Structural measure: drainage channels
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.1
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): .02 - .3

Construction material (earth): It is the earth dug in situ.

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Baht

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

37.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Layout is simply by eye and best judgment.	结构性的
2.	Work begins on the lower part of the slope, and then progresses uphill.	结构性的
3.	Farmers cut into the hillside with hoes and drag the soil down to formthe risers and level the terrace beds.	结构性的
4.	Risers are then stabilised/compacted by hoe.	结构性的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	270.0	270.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					275.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Weeds and grasses are removed and piled outside the cropping area.	植物性的
2.	Land is prepared through tillage by hoe.	结构性的
3.	Risers are built up/repaired where necessary.	结构性的
4.	Terrace beds may need levelling.	结构性的

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	45.0	45.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	45.0	45.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					90.0

注释:

Clearing of forest is not included in the cost calculations. This calculation is based on a typical slope of approximately 20%, with risers of 0.2 m in height and beds 1.0 m wide. Maintenance costs include basic land preparation (for annual crops) or weeding etc for perennial crops.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The slope factor affects most because it will require longer time to construct.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also steep (ranked 3)
Soil fertility: Low (ranked 1) and very low (ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium (ranked 1, good drainage though being cleyey soil) and good (ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium and low (both ranked 1)

5.3 土壤

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2
6% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
24% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.
10% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: farmers spend much time as farm labourers on other farms or in food processing factories - and some have jobs at construction sites, for example road building
Level of mechanization: Manual work (ranked 1) and animal traction (ranked 2)
Market orientation: Commercial/market (ranked 1, tea, coffee, vegetable and flower production) and subsistence (ranked 2)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 个人

• illegal (initially) (see Annex T3)

• illegal (initially) (see Annex T3)

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

500

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 50-90%

注释:

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

50 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

90% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

450 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There is a little growing spontaneous adoption: for example in the Mae Salong area farmers accept these terraces increasingly, but fruit growers tend to prefer intermittent ‘orchard terraces’ - terraces spaced apart, with 5 m or more of undisturbed land in-between. The benches in this case are backward sloping.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
For facilitating picking of tea leaves
For using as farm path
For increasing soil fertility

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
A relatively cheap method of terracing which makes cultivation easier and provides erosion control How can they be sustained / enhanced? Should be further promoted by extension agencies (in areas where cultivation is officially allowed). Allocation of official title deeds to land will speed up the adoption automatically.
For improving/maintaining soil fertility
For increasing the yield of tea leaves How can they be sustained / enhanced? Inspecting the field during/after rain to see how efficient they are in conserving soil and water and repair as needed
For using as farm path
Compared with normal bench terraces, construction does not bring infertile subsoil to the surface.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Farmers have to pay for its construction.	The government may be able to help in the future.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Does not lend itself to mechanisation: the terrace beds are narrow and only suited to hand hoeing.	Teach farmers techniques of composting and/or mulching.
In this situation grasses and weeds are merely piled and burned rather than being used to improve soil fertility

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

No references