1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) - 黎巴嫩

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

23/08/1999

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Ancient level bench terraces with stone walls, built to stabilise slopes, retain moisture, and create a suitable environment for horticulture.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Stone wall bench terraces in the hill ranges of western Syria comprise an ancient indigenous technology, introduced by the Romans and Byzantines about 2,000 years ago. Some new terraces are, however, still being built. The walls are constructed with limestone, largely found on site. The terraces are located in steep terrain (usually on slopes more than 25%) under low (and erratic) rainfall regimes of between 250 and 500 mm per annum. The terrace walls are 1-2.5 m high and the level beds 3-25 m wide, depending on slope.
Deep soil profiles (more than 2 m) have developed on steep slopes, where original soil depth was only shallow to medium. The terraces are very efficient in preventing soil erosion and in the retention of rainfall. They support trees and annual crops where they could not otherwise be grown.

These terraces are usually found near settlements. Construction is very labour intensive, considering how little land is effectively protected from erosion and brought into cultivation. High labour investment makes the construction process slow and retards further extension of the technology. However, if soundly constructed, maintenance requirements are low. Underlining this point, a large number of very ancient terraces can still be found intact, supporting a productive crop. Sometimes localised collapse of a terrace occurs due to concentrated runoff. In that case, the terrace in question may need to be rebuilt. To prevent such breaches, it is important to allow for discharge of excess runoff along drainage lines.

Currently, most terraces are used to grow fruit trees. These include olives, cherries, almonds, plums, pomegranates, apricots, and peaches. Husbandry practices are normally carried out by hand. Where space permits, however, draft animals are used for tillage. The curves of the terraces and access to the steep slopes make it very difficult/impossible to use tractors. Animal power is more versatile in this irregular landscape, but it is more expensive than tractor power, due to shortage of fodder.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology was most probably developed and introduced during the Roman/Byzantine period, 200-400 AD

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Before terracing, water erosion resulted in shallow to medium colluvial soils. Terracing made cultivation possible, but the
beds tend to be very narrow and/or irregularly shaped, with large boulders set in them, making tractor cultivation (which is cheap) impossible.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): (1) Soil tillage - mechanization is difficult; animal power is up to 5 times more expensive than tractor power.
(2) Rockiness of the soil - large and very large stones make cultivation difficult.
(3) Accessibility - inadequate road network to reach fields

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Apr

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 5 km2.

Recently, new stone wall bench terraces have been constructed in the villages of Mnabe and Bzbour (Ariha District)

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Ha: aridification

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Stone wall risers constructed in ancient times: these hold back the earth for production of fruit trees on the level benches.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: reduction of slope angle, increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, increase in soil fertility (long-term)

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, control of concentrated runoff

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-2
Spacing between structures (m): 2-25

Construction material (stone): natural stones (limestone)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:1

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Syrian Pounds

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

50.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Levelling the terrace bed by bulldozers where necessary.	结构性的	0.35-0.7 persondays/m for all activities
2.	Blasting rocks in the field	结构性的
3.	Collecting stones for wall building – which are available locally.	结构性的
4.	Building the stone walls with 1–2.5 m vertical interval (and therefore	结构性的
5.	Levelling land between stone walls.	结构性的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	1260.0	1260.0	100.0
劳动力	Stone collection	ha	1.0	50.0	50.0	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	50.0	50.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	50.0	50.0	100.0
设备	Drill	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Ammonium nitrate(kg)	ha	1.0	15.0	15.0	100.0
施工材料	Stone	ha	1.0
施工材料	Detonators	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
施工材料	Fuses (m)	ha	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					1460.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Repairing (replacing stones)	结构性的	5 persondays required/every year

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	15.0	15.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
施工材料	Stone	ha	1.0
技术维护所需总成本					20.0

注释:

Manual construction work requires 0.35-0.7 person days per metre length of terrace wall. Establishment costs were calculated for an average of 600 m length of stone wall (height 2 m, width 70 cm) per hectare on a 12% slope, with
terrace beds therefore about 16-17 metres wide. Narrower terraces on steeper slopes are considerably more expensive to construct.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour shortage and labour cost

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also rolling (ranked 3)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 1) and low (ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium
Soil water storage capacity: Medium

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

Relative level of wealth: very rich, rich, average, poor

3% of the land users are very rich and own 20% of the land (very few).
7% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land (few,).
40% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land (Many).
50% of the land users are poor and own 30% of the land (Many).

Off-farm income specification: On average, 70 % of the income is from off-farm activities

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

39

注释:

5% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

2 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

95% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

37 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The rate of spontaneous adoption is low because of the high costs.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Soil and water is conserved and fruit crop yields are maintained/increased How can they be sustained / enhanced? Combine with soil fertility improvement (such as farm yard manure). The prices of the crops grown should remain adequate
The maintenance requirements are low. The terraces need little repair How can they be sustained / enhanced? Natural drainage lines must be prepared/maintained to prevent collapse during heavy rainfall.
The terraces make the cultivation of trees on hill slopes possible.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The establishment costs are high	Plant high value cash crops.
The mechanisation of farm operations is impossible because there is no access to the terraces for tractors, while animal power is constrained by high maintenance costs (fodder). Thus, field operations are limited to hand labour	Subsidise mule ploughing.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Mushallah AB. The visible and the hidden in the country of olives. pp 463. 2000.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Akrama Publ. Office. Damascus, Syria.