1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi (Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi) - 墨西哥

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) - 意大利

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

05/06/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Controlled grazing in deciduous woods seasonally limited in summer when grass cover in rangeland suffers water stress.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

During the driest season, farmers shifts grazing to deciduous forest. Grazing in forest is controlled because it is limited to specific areas and with a controlled number of animals (cows and goats). In deciduous forest, the animals can still find green grass in the dry season. This action prevents excessive stress in the surrounding rangelands, which are suffering from a seasonal summer water deficit, as is typical of areas with a Mediterranean climate.

Purpose of the Technology: One purpose of this management technology is to allow grazing in environments that still preserve grasses in the summer dry season. Moreover, this technology can prevent overgrazing (and its consequences in rangeland and pastures). Controlled grazing is typical in the Rendina watershed (Basilicata, Italy).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The upper part of the watershed is located above 800 m a.s.l. and is characterized by deciduous oak forest, which every 20 years is subject to selective cutting. Selective cutting involves cutting a high percentage of a limited range of tree species. Within about 10 years, regeneration of the whole wooded area is possible. This allows for a constant regeneration of the woodland and reduces the probability of a progressive degradation as well as of wildfires due to an excessive build-up of the fuel load. The surrounding areas are either cultivated or rangeland and suffer from the soil erosion and landslides that give rise to degradation and hence to the loss of arable lands.

Natural / human environment: Forests are either government-owned or privately-owned, but controlled grazing woodland areas are mostly government-owned. Based on the number of grazing animals admitted, the farmers need to pay a tax to the municipalities or regions. Each farmer has a specific number of animals admitted to the woodland area and there is a overall maximum of animals especially during summer, when a risk of overgrazing exists. Access to private forest, on the other hand, is arranged directly with the owners.
Grazing is organized on a daily basis by the herdsman. The controlled grazing areas are always located in the woodlands where selective cutting is carried out. In such areas livestock during summer can enter and move more easily in the relatively cool conditions.

When controlled grazing is adopted as the conventional management technology, selective cutting of trees every 20 years is also used to provide additional earnings from the sale of firewood.
Annual rainfall is 500 mm with two rainy seasons (October-November and March-May). Potential evapotranspiration is up to 1100 mm annually. The Rendina catchment ranges from humid-subhumid to subhumid-semiarid conditions. The surrounding area ranges from (subhumid)-semiarid to semiarid-arid.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The land users claim about reduction of vegetation cover.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): This impacts water and tillage erosion and landslides but is not considered as main issue by land user, yet.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Ms: Silvo-pastoralism

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Forests / woodlands: Fn: Natural

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 90Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - JunSecond longest growing period in days: 30Second longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Oct

牲畜密度（如相关）:

25-50 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 10 m2.

Renina Watershed - above 800 m a.s.l.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing, land tenure

Secondary causes of degradation: droughts

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of biomass (quantity)

Change of land use practices / intensity level

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

euro

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

0.8

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Selective cutting of woodland	管理

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Selective cutting of woodland	ha	2.0	300.0	600.0	50.0
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					700.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Selective cutting of woodland every 20 years	管理
2.	Shifting animals in closed woodland areas	管理

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Selective cutting of woodland every 20 years	ha	2.0	300.0	600.0	50.0
劳动力	Shifting animals in closed woodland areas	ha	2.0	150.0	300.0	100.0
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	75.0	75.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					975.0

注释:

Selective felling only done every 20 years. Hence the costs ae not as high as they might seem.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour costs are the most important determining factor affecting the costs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is: Medium-high
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is high

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

10% of the land users are rich.
60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 80% of the land.
30% of the land users are poor.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	不好

注释:

increase the number or the extension of the areas within the basin where controlled grazing can be established and performed.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

It is very cheap to maintain the measure. In the surrounding areas, where land should be less degraded due to reduced grazing, more trees can be planted and allowed to grow in future.

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

20

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 50-90%

注释:

50% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

10 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

50% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

10 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
good animal production How can they be sustained / enhanced? the general quality of the products of the grazing (milk, beef and cheese) is improved due to the availability of more grass and water in the driest periods of the year.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
good impact with low cost How can they be sustained / enhanced? facilitate access to public forest land

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
risk of overgrazing of the woodland area, if the area is not well controlled	ensure control mechanisms
rights of access to public lands and forest management rules	the regional legislative process should define better the management of the access of farmers to public lands and in general the whole controlled grazing process.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
limited wooded areas available for public access	creation of managed enlosures in order to increase natural reforestation or afforestation.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Official Bulletin of the Basilicata region (Italy): N. 29 – 29/04/2002; N. 22 – 16/06/2008.Cocca C. & Campanile G. (2005). Pascolo in bosco solo se controllato. Agrifoglio, N. 7, pages 20-21.