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Silvi Pasture [印度]

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  • 更新:
  • 编制者:
  • 编辑者:
  • 审查者:

Nursery

technologies_1470 - 印度

完整性: 61%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

Mewara Ramesh

印度

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

27/09/2002

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

Comprehensive watershed development
approaches

Comprehensive watershed development [印度]

Participatory approach that includes a package of measures leading to empowerment of communities to implement and sustain watershed development.

  • 编制者: David Gandhi

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Regeneration of degraded hill side using structural, vegetative & managerial measures.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Managerial Measures : awareness generation amongst community, users groups, area closure, cut & carry system; Structural Measures :- contour trenches, gully plugs, sunken structure for run off and erosion control; Vegetative Measures :- seeding of grasses and shrubs, plantation of dryland fruit & forest tree species, vegetative barriers across slopes & gullies.

Purpose of the Technology: Short term benefits :- increased fodder availability, increase in well water levels, increased soil moisture in foot hill crop lands; Long term benefits :- environmental regeneration leading to increased production from non-arable & surrounding arable lands.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

印度

区域/州/省:

Madhya Pradesh

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

Learning from visits to successful watershed development projects.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

牧场

牧场

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Grass land :- Degradation due to over grazing; Crop Land :- Low yeilds due to erosion, low soil moisture, improper cultivation practices on sloping lands.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low yields of grass and crops

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养
注释:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

每年的生长季节数:
  • 2
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct Second longest growing period in days: 120 Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Mar

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 区域封闭(停止使用,支持恢复)
  • 横坡措施
  • 地表水管理(泉、河、湖、海)

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上,请注明覆盖的大致区域。:
  • 10-100 平方千米
注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 79.33 m2.

The project area comprises 26 villages (2286 HH) mainly tribal. A significant portion of the area is uncultivable waste which is used for open grazing. The technology "Silvi-Pasture" was implemented in few villages to demonstrate an integrated system of SWC and production.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
水质恶化

水质恶化

  • Ha:干旱化
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (Social causes - Lack of awareness and mobilisation amongst the communities.), Top down approach (Macro planning rather than micro (village level) planning.)

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

作者:

David Gandhi

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical Drawing of SWC technology area, Tikhipada

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard

Trees/ shrubs species: Jatropha, Salai, Neem, Lantana

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Awla (goose berry)

Grass species: Stylo Hemata, Dicanthus(Dinanath)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 35.00%

Construction material (earth): Excavation of earth for trenches/ditchs/pans

Construction material (stone): Stone plugs in gullies

Construction material (other): Vegetative support to stone plugs & ditches

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 35%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: land use planning - Silvi Pasture

Change of land use practices / intensity level: land use change - Area Closure

Control / change of species composition: livestock management - Cut & carry system

Other type of management: Management by community( User Group)

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币(具体说明):

Rupees

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

48.85

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

1.00

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. Digging of plantation pit 植物性的 Summer
2. Procurement of seeds, plants 植物性的 Before rainy sesion
3. Sowing of grass & shrub seeds 植物性的 Before Ist shower
4. Planting of saplings 植物性的 After Ist heavy shawer
5. Survey/Layout 结构性的 April (summer)
6. Excavation of ditches 结构性的 May
7. Transportation of stones to site 结构性的 May
8. Construction of sediment/sand trap 结构性的 May
9. Excavation of Pan(Doh) 结构性的 May 2nd year
10. Discussion with community & exposure visit 管理 Feb
11. Formation of users group, meeting, preparation of action plan 管理 March
12. Establishment of structural measures & training of users group 管理 April-Jun
13. Establishment of vegetative meassures 管理 July-Sep.
14. Area Closure 管理 April-Oct.
15. Harvesting & distribution of grass by users group 管理 Oct.-Nov.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. Weeding , mulching 植物性的 2-3 month after planting /Twice in year for Ist 2 year
2. Watering 植物性的 Dry season /During prolonged dry spells
3. Reseeding of grass/shrubs 植物性的 Before Ist shower /Upto 2 years
4. Casualty replacement 植物性的 After Ist heavy shower /Year 1 & II
5. Repair of breaches in ditches/traps 结构性的 July-Sep. during mansoon/As required
6. Construction of additional traps 结构性的 July-Sep. during mansoon/As required
7. Desilting of Ditches/traps/Pans 结构性的 Oct.-Nov. after mansoon/Annually
8. Refresher training of users group 管理 Seasonally /
9. Regular meeting of users group 管理 / 3 times/year
10. "Shramdan" ( Voluntary labour by usersfor maintenance) 管理

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

注释:

The treatment covered an area of aroung 10 ha. 1- Contour Trenches - 6000 Rmt. 2- Large Boulder Check - 58 3- Small Boulder Check - 55 4- Dugout - 1 No. 5- Doh - 1 No. Seeding with jatropha, stylo and dinanath. Planting of saplings.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

1- Slope : - Due to steep slope , interval between contour trench lines was less; 2- Soil Depth : - Due to stony strata, excavation cost was high; 3- Material : - Boulders were transported from outside. 4- Lead/Lift : - Due to steep slope, labour output was less 5- Drought :- Replantation costs were high

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
指定年平均降雨量(若已知),单位为mm:

800.00

有关降雨的规范/注释:

However during 1999 to 2002 below average

农业气候带
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱

Semi arid (ranked1)
Arid (ranked 2, due to 3 years of below avg. rainfall, signs of desertification eg. thorny species, lowering of water levels in wells are apparent)

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1) and ridges (ranked 2, isolated hillcock)
Slopes on average: Steep (ranked 1, conical Shaped hillock - upper slope > 30%) and hilly (ranked 2, conical Shaped hillock - lower slope < 30%)

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Very shallow (highly eroded surface, exposed parent rock)
Soil texture: Coarse/light (weathered fragments(Kopra))
Soil fertility: Very low (absence of soil)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (absence of vegetation)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (high runoff from stony surface)
Soil water storage capacity: Very low (high runoff from stony surface)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

非农收入:
  • 收入的10-50%
相对财富水平:
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
18% of the land users are average wealthy (4 H.H.).
59% of the land users are poor (13 H.H.).
23% of the land users are poor (5 H.H.).
Off-farm income specification: Around 10% of the total income is from paid labour/migration

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 社区/村庄
土地使用权:
  • 社区(有组织)

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

消极

长期回报:

积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

稍微积极

长期回报:

积极

6.5 技术采用

注释:

15% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

340 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Elemets of the technology have been adopted by land users eg. SWC, grass improvement. There is tremendous pressure on grass land due to large number of local cattle & goats, migratory herds of camel & sheeps. Hence spontaneous adoption is not observed since community mobilisation is essential as also efforts for user rights.

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