1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

People and Resource Dynamics Project, Nepal (PARDYP)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/11/2004

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Small dam structures constructed across erosion gullies

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Check dams are small low structures built across a gully or a channel to prevent them from deepening further. These small dams reduce the speed of water flow and minimise the erosive power of runoff. They also promote the deposition of eroded materials to further stabilise the gullies.
Two gullies adjacent to a degraded area of communal grazing land were controlled by constructing check dams and with vegetative measures including planting bamboo. The main purpose was to control the further development of the gullies, which were affecting the adjacent grazing land and blocking a downstream irrigation channel. The site is community land used by the 40 households (240 people) of Dhotra village in the intensively used Jhikhu Khola watershed. Irrigated cropland lies downstream from the site, whilst the site itself is bordered by grazing land, degraded sal-dominated forest, and rainfed forward-sloping terraces.
The check dams were made of old cement bags filed with soil and were 1m high with 0.5m deep foundations. The check dams were spaced so that a line joining the top of two adjacent dams had about a 3% slope gradient. Twenty-four check dams were built in the two gullies using a total of 2400 filled cement bags. Forty clumps of bamboo were planted between the dams for stabilisation.
All that is needed to maintain this technology is to inspect the condition of the check dams occasionally, especially before and after the monsoon. Displaced bags should be replaced and the water courses cleared of branches and big stones. Further planting should be carried out if needed.
The case study area has a distinct dry season from November to May and a wet monsoon period from June to October. Annual rainfall is around 1200 mm. The site has red soils that are highly weathered and, if not properly managed, are very susceptible to erosion.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The basic idea of this technology has its origin in traditional methods. However, villagers approached the People and Resource Dynamics Project (PARDYP) for advice. PARDYP assisted, based on experiences made before with rehabilitation/gully plugging experiments under similar conditions. Mainly developed according to theoretical and site specific knowledge.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

• reduce land loss

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The major land use problem is the small per capita landholding size for cropping. These holdings are mostly rainfed, have a low soil fertility status and acidity problems, and are susceptible to erosion. Intense rainfall at the beginning of the rainy season causes considerable soil loss (rill and gully erosion).

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Overgrazing leading to lack of vegetation and gully building.

Ranching: Yes

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 3

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.006 km2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (insufficient forage supply from the private land.), education, access to knowledge and support services (identification of appropriate SWC technologies and appropriate collaborators)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (for daily household needs ( litter , firewood, timber), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (excessive rainfall during pre-monsoon and monsoon), poverty / wealth (to buy planting materials and for logistics), labour availability (for community level social work)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Schematic drawing of two gullies
with 24 check dams and bamboo
planted below the check dams for
stabilisation

Location: Dhotra. Khabre

Date: 22.6.06

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, increase of infiltration

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 40
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 4 m

Trees/ shrubs species: Bamboo

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 25.00%

Dam/ pan/ pond
Vertical interval between structures (m): 4 m

Construction material (earth): soil resulting from digging activities from the adjacent grassland was used to fill cement bags for

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 25%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Nepali Rupee

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

73.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Plantating of bamboo plants (clumps) below the check dams	植物性的	before onset of monsoon (June)
2.	Placing filled cement bags across gullies to form checkdams	结构性的	before onset of monsoon (June)
3.	Filling cement bag with soil	结构性的	before onset of monsoon (June)
4.	Digging trenches for dam foundations	结构性的	before onset of monsoon (June)

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Building dams and planting bamboo	Persons/day	18.0	2.0	36.0	100.0
施工材料	Cement bags	ha	1.0	73.0	73.0
其它	Lunch, tea for farmers	ha	1.0	16.0	16.0
其它	Transportation	ha	1.0	14.0	14.0
技术建立所需总成本					139.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Maintaining gullies: repair or replace damaged check dams, plant	植物性的	before onset of monsoon (June)
2.	Ensuring good drainage for bamboo	植物性的	before onset of monsoon (June)
3.	Maintaining gullies: repair or replace damaged check dams,plant more grassesor trees if needed	结构性的	before onset of monsoon (June)/once a year

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Spade, shovel, Spade, shovel

All costs and amounts were roughly estimated by the technicians and authors in 2004.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 900 m a.s.l.

Slopes on average: Also very steep

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Very shallow at some places parent rockmaterial is exposed but variable.

Soil texture: Red soils with high clay content

Soil fertility was very low before implementation of rehabilitation activities.

Topsoil organic matter before implementation of rehabilitation activities.

Soil drainage / infiltration was poor before implementation of rehabilitation activities.

Soil water storage capacity was very low before implementation of rehabilitation activities.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality: More in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

95% of the land users are average wealthy.
3% of the land users are poor.
2% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Due to the high establishment costs, the short term benefit for the community only matches the costs. However, in the long-term the environmental benefit of rehabilitated land is high, and economic
benefit is positive.

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

40 households in an area of 0.006 sq km

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

40 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: No initiative could be seen in the area.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Reduced soil erosion, rill erosion, and top soil loss How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular maintenance of the structure and grasses is required
The technology is easy to maintain. How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
It's a low cost technology , easy to apply, little knowledge needed. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular maintenance of the structure and grasses is required
The effect of the technology can be seen easily. How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Nakarmi, G. (2000) Soil Erosion Dynamics in the Middle Mountains of Nepal, a report submitted to PARDYP, ICIMOD, Kathmandu

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ICIMOD

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Schreier, H.; Brown, S.; Shah, P. B.; Shrestha, B.; Merz, J. (2002) Jhikhu Khola Watershed – Nepal, CD ROM. Vancouver: Institute for Resources and Environment, University of British Columbia.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ICIMOD

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Shrestha, B. (2004) Progress Report PARDYP- Nepal. Paper presented at the PARDYP Access Mid Year Meeting, 19-22 July 2004, ICIMOD, Kathmandu

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ICIMOD