这是该案例的一个过时的非现行版本。 转到当前版本.
技术
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Afforestation [佛得角]

Arborização / floresta (Portuguese)

technologies_1523 - 佛得角

完整性: 80%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:

Varela Larissa

INIDA

佛得角

SLM专业人员:

Amarós Regla

INIDA

佛得角

SLM专业人员:

Bentub Jailson

INIDA

佛得角

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
INIDA (INIDA) - 佛得角

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

03/04/2009

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Afforestation is one of the key technologies to address the fragility of ecosystems: it provides better protection against erosion and makes better use of rainfall in order to maintain the sustainability of agricultural systems.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Mountain forest areas are considered protective due to their role in regulating water (infiltration of storm water, regulation of surface runoff, and ground water recharge) within the watershed. The main species used are Prosopis juliflora, Parkinsonia aculeata, Jatropha curcas, Atriplex spp, Acacia holosericea, Acacia victoriae, Lantana camara and others, in arid areas and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Grevillea robusta, Pinus and Cupressus ssp. in highland and humid areas.

Purpose of the Technology: The climatic conditions are characterized by high spatial and temporal variability of the rainfall. The rains are concentrated in two or three months (August and September or October); the highlands and the N-NE parts are wetter compared to the low lands or coastal areas, which are very dry. The average annual rainfall is about 225 mm over the whole island; it has declined since the 1960s, with negative effects on farming conditions, and water supply. However, in areas located more than 500 m above sea level and exposed to trade winds, rainfall can exceed 700 mm. About 20% of the precipitation is lost through runoff, 13% infiltrates the soil and recharges aquifers and 67% evaporates. The evaporation loss is a limiting factor for any agriculture or forestry. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt the afforestation implementation to the specific local conditions (slope, stone cover, climate, etc). To overcome and minimize the problem of water scarcity, several measures are applied: (a) caldeira or half-moon structures achieved with earth or stone; (b) contour furrows or level bench terraces with stone walls arranged along the contour; (c). small dams to protect gullies. The aim is to maximize retention of water and control surface runoff. This not only allows better infiltration of water for the tree plantations, but also protects against soil erosion and facilitates groundwater recharge.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The success of the reforestation may be indicated not only by the area covered but also by the number of introduced plants. In 1975, there were about 3,000 ha of afforested land. By 2011, there are over 90,000 ha of afforested land with almost 50 million trees. Afforestation has focused mainly on the island of Santiago and Santo Antão, (13% of the total area reforested). Nowadays, more than 20% of the country is afforested. The forest has had a great importance in the context of combating desertification, rehabilitation of vegetation cover, in meeting energy needs and forage production and in developing agrosilvopastoral systems, as well as having undoubtedly contributed to a significant modification of the landscape in Cape Verde. The afforestation activities also contributed to increase biodiversity of some species of birds, including “Galinha di mato” (Numida meleagris), “Codorniz” (Coturnix coturnix), “Passarinha” (Halcyon leucocephala) and others.

Natural / human environment: The forest species are mainly used for land protection and for production of fuel wood and coal. Because of the poor growing conditions, the forest species are not well suited to the construction industry or wood processing.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

佛得角

区域/州/省:

Santiago Island, Cape Verde

有关地点的进一步说明:

Ribeira Seca

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

Before 1975, the forestry production was directed to the market of wood, after 1975 began to stock in order to protect the environment

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

牧场

牧场

集约放牧/饲料生产:
  • 收割和携带/零放牧
主要动物种类及产品:

goats and cows

森林/林地

森林/林地

植树造林:
  • 混交品种
产品和服务:
  • 自然保持/保护
注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The loss of soil by runoff, influenced by its low coverage, reducing their fertility and their thickness

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion by runoff, low productive soils, low organic matter, low soil cover, fertility and depth particularly in the agro-systems with rainfed agriculture.

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: goats/ cows

Grazingland comments: production is characterized as extensive, although made in a closed expaço

Plantation forestry: Few trees are cut, since the main objective of which is the forest canopy. The dead are removed, make's some clean and plant new trees every year.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Before 1975, date of independence of Cape Verde, began to stock the areas discovered. The forest is more dense at high altitudes but also introduced

Forest products and services: nature conservation / protection

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Ms: Silvo-pastoralism

Type of grazing system comments: production is characterized as extensive, although made in a closed expaço

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化,则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Mixed: Mo: Other

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养
每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 90; Longest growing period from month to month: August untill October

牲畜密度(如相关):

25-50 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 天然和半天然森林管理
  • 灌溉管理(包括供水、排水)

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 71.5 km2.

The forest with the greatest density of trees occupies an area of 2.51 km2 and is located in the area of higher altitude. The density decreases with decrease in altitude

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

植物措施

  • V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
结构措施

结构措施

  • S2:堤、岸
注释:

Secondary measures: structural measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bc:植被覆盖的减少
  • Bh:栖息地丧失
水质恶化

水质恶化

  • Hg:地下水/含水层水位的变化
注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level

Main causes of degradation: soil management (It is cultivated maize and peanuts on land slopes very pronounced and boot up the plants by the root in end of the cycle), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (The cleaning of the crop residues of corn is done pulling them by the root, negatively affecting soil stability), poverty / wealth (Leads sensitized peoples to advocate action against the landscape for survival of the family), education, access to knowledge and support services (Knowledge and technical training increase the options for means of survival of the community that acts on the forest, the degree of attending school is low and the illiteracy rate is 17%)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Creation of the wild animals compact the soil, destroying the structures for the conservation of soil and water exists, and creates conflict), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Sometimes occur heavy rains intensity that associated with poor vegetation cover, increase soil erosion), governance / institutional (Lack of applicability of the laws that manage the land)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

作者:

Jacques Tavares

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Treatment of slope before afforestation

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (It's needed sufficient knowledge to choice species according to their suitability to the natural and human environment)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of infiltration, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase / maintain water stored in soil, reduction in wind speed

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2
Spacing between structures (m): 5
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.2
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.8
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 100

Construction material (earth): land from the local construction of the ditch is used in the construction of banks, that can be rein

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30 - 60%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:3

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. Quantification of the area to be afforested 植物性的
2. Production of plants in nursery ( 500 - 1300 plants) 植物性的
3. Treatment of area (slope) with building terraces (15 m / person / day) 植物性的
4. Treatment of area (slope) with: Making half-moons “Caldeiras” (3 / person / day) 植物性的
5. 4. Excavating the pits (10 / person / day): 60x60x60 cm 植物性的
6. Planting (50 /person / day): 5 to 5 metres 植物性的
7. Initial maintenance (8 /persons / day) 植物性的
8. Cleaning and marking on curves level 结构性的 In April
9. Construction of the retention / infiltration ditch and opening of the surface of culture 结构性的 April to June

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 28218.0 28218.0
设备 Tools ha 1.0 410.0 410.0 10.0
植物材料 Seeds ha 1.0 942.0 942.0
技术建立所需总成本 29570.0
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. forest cleaning 植物性的
2. forest cleaning 结构性的 In the dry session

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Forest cleaning ha 1.0 142.0 142.0 52.0
技术维护所需总成本 142.0
注释:

Machinery/ tools: Hoe, machete

Costs are estimated according to the time required for afforestation and the entity contracted for the implementation of the activities.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The labour affects the costs more than other factors. Paid labour is a way to achieve additional income for many people in this area. The employer (Directorate General of Agriculture, Sylviculture and Livestock of the Ministry of Rural Development) provides 90% of the cost of the equipment. The lifetime of the equipment is 10-15 years.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
指定年平均降雨量(若已知),单位为mm:

800.00

农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱

Thermal climate class: tropics. average temperature equal to 26 º C

The exposure and altitude are factors diterminantes for agroclimatic estratização. the higher areas and targeted to the SE are more humid.

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
说明该技术是否专门应用于:
  • 不相关
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 100-500 m a.s.l. belongs to the stratum semi-arid sub-humid. Is part of the stratum the highest percentage of the area of the basin. 1000-1500 m a.s.l. includes mainly the cliffs and ridges.

Landforms: Also ridges and footslopes. The hazards of a convex situations does not allow its application in mountain slopes.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Very shallow is associated with the sloping hillsides used for rainfull agriculture and shaloow is found mainly in the valley bottoms of the downstream.

Soil texture (topsoil): The soil overlay mainly basaltic rocks, piroclastic, conglomerates and aluvial deposits

Soil fertility is medium - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good - medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium - low

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

5-50米

地表水的可用性:

匮乏/没有

水质(未处理):

不良饮用水(需要处理)

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table: In rain months, it is more superficial than in the dry months

Availability of surface water: There is some just when it rains.

Water quality (untreated): Salinization of water due to over exploitation of wells and boreholes

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
  • 中等

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
相对财富水平:
  • 贫瘠
个人或集体:
  • 员工(公司、政府)
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: > 4%

and own 1% of the land (the tecnology is applyed by the state, and the state of that country is poor).

Off-farm income specification: forest production (mainly grass and wood) generate an annual income of approximately $2,500

Market orientation of production system: Mixed:Forest products are quite limited: lumber, firewood, charcoal and fodder from the pods. Firewood is the most important product but marketing is quite limited in time and space and subsistence are families who enter the forest for collection of grass and firewood. It is necessary for their survival. The state sells these products in order to finance other development projects.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 大规模的
注释:

Also 50-100 ha, 100-500 ha and 100-500 ha,

The forest covers all the household

The grass production is made between the trees across the forest area if it's possible

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,有命名
  • Diocese
土地使用权:
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 个人
用水权:
  • 社区(有组织)

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

饲料生产

降低
增加

饲料质量

降低
增加

能源生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Firewood to the community

水资源可用性和质量

饮用水的可用性

降低
增加
收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低

经济差异

增加
降低

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

It reduces the options of land use

文化机会

减少
改良

冲突缓解

恶化
改良

社会经济弱势群体的情况

恶化
改良
注释/具体说明:

Any sex has the same opportunity on the assets of the forest

livelihood and human well-being

reduced
improved
注释/具体说明:

It improves air quality, promotes the production of endemic species and its use as medicine

生态影响

水循环/径流

地下水位/含水层

下降
补水

蒸发

增加
降低
土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低

土壤有机物/地下C

降低
增加
减少气候和灾害风险

碳和温室气体的排放

增加
降低

风速

增加
降低
其它生态影响

Invasive species

increased
decreased

competition

increased
decreased

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

水资源可用性

降低
增加

旱季稳定可靠的水流

减少
增加

下游洪水

增加
减少

下游淤积

增加
降低

缓冲/过滤能力

减少
改良

风力搬运沉积物

增加
减少

对邻近农田的破坏

增加
减少

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 气候变化/极端天气的类型 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨 未知
局地风暴 不好
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱 不好
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水 未知

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果
该技术是如何应对的?
缩短生长期
注释:

Tree species more tolerant of the climatic factors can be used, whilst retaining all the benefits that the existing species provide

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

消极

长期回报:

积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

中性/平衡

长期回报:

非常积极

注释:

The high costs are associated with its implementation; afterwards they are significantly reduced and the technology builds up the benefits.

6.5 技术采用

如若可行,进行量化(住户数量和/或覆盖面积):

None. It's a project of the government

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Only the state has implemented this technology, because it changes the use of land and, without any subsidies, other land users are not encouraged to agree to it.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: there is a continuing campaign of afforestation of state land. There are voluntary associations working in this technology for a better environment

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Production of firewood and grass

How can they be sustained / enhanced? make more forest operations such as pruning or cutting of new seedlings
Protection of soil

How can they be sustained / enhanced? strengthen maintenance operations
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Increases the quality of the landscape and reduces the loss of soil by runoff

How can they be sustained / enhanced? increasing the tree cover in areas with low coverage
Encourages the production of livestock, and fuel wood

How can they be sustained / enhanced? integrate the community in managing the forest, and manage it in a sustainable way.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
impossibility of farming in the forest lands off-farm income creation to compensate
Lack of involvement of farmers in the management of forest areas capacity building of land users in forest management strategies, elaboration of contracts between State and land users for the management of forest perimeters
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Reduces the percentage of land for agricultural production increase productivity in cultivated land and reduce the need for the use of forest land, and implement new production technologies such as greenhouses

7. 参考和链接

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Desertification at the Santiago Island, DESIRE, 2008

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Relatório de avaliação inicial do impacto das realizações de conservação de solos e água em 1993 do projecto WDP, WDP project, 1995

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

www.ine.cv: Survey of family income and expenditure, INE, 2002

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

OCDE, CILSS, 1982. Análise do Sector Florestal e Propostas para Cabo Verde. Sahel D (82) 179

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Club do Sahel, pp 203.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

MAAA/DGASP, 1996. Rapport de pays pour la Conférence Technique Internationale de la FAO sur les Ressources Phytogénétiques, Leipzig, 1996, pp 38.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Leipzig, 1996, pp 38.

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