1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/02/2004

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Gully rehabilitation by check dams made of stem cuttings from trees. These living barriers retard concentrated runoff and fill up the gullies gradually with sediment.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Stem cuttings from specific tree species have the ability to strike roots and continue growing after being planted into the earth. In this case study local species have been used to create check dams in gullies: these include jinocuebo (Simaroubaceaes bombacaceaes, and also jobo, tiguilote, pochote from the same family). Other suitable species are jocote (Spondias purpurea) and madero negro (Gliricidia sepium). As an option the pinapple-like piñuela (Bromelia pinguin) can be planted in association with the stem cuttings to further reinforce the system. Tree stems are cut into pieces 5-15 cm thick and 1.5-2.5 m long, depending on the depth of the gully. The cuttings are planted to half of their length, and formed into semi-circular barriers (see diagram). The dams retard runoff and thus retain eroded sediment. Spacing between dams depends on the gradient of the gully bed. For example on a 15% slope it is recommended to build a dam every 4 meters (see spacing under establishment activities). Between dams, the gully gradually fills up with eroded soil, the speed of the runoff is further reduced and agricultural land that has been divided by the gully is reconnected. Large and deep gullies may change over time into a sequence of narrow fertile terraces where crops can be grown.

However, the check dams should be seen as part of an integrated catchment management and protection plan, and thus be supported by other SWC measures on the lateral slopes, such as retention ditches and/or live barriers laid out along the contour. Erosion and runoff control on the sides of each gully is an essential part of the rehabilitation process. These check dams of rooted poles are more robust and durable than stone dams in soils of sandy/ loamy texture. On moderate and steep slopes a combination of stem cutting and stone dams is recommended.

After two to three years the barriers should be pruned - yielding wood and fodder. Dead poles should be replaced and the dam widened if necessary.

In this case study the dams are constructed in a semi-arid region with erratic rainfall where gullies are common on agricultural land, be it cropland or grazing land. The land users are mainly peasant farmers, growing crops for subsistence on smallholdings, and living in very poor conditions. This system of gully rehabilitation is promoted by an NGO entitled ‘Asociación Tierra y Vida’ through farmerto-farmer (campesino a campesino) extension.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): There is a range of factors that limit agricultural production in the area: soil degradation, extensive gully formation on crop land, low soil fertility, lack of inputs for crop production, erratic precipitation. Also, lack of interest/knowledge and lack of resources hinder the implementation of SWC measures.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 100, Longest growing period from month to month: May to August; Second longest growing period in days: 90, Second longest growing period from month to month: September to November

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 5 m2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Specification of other vegetative measures: stem cuttings; live barriers along contour (supp.)
Specification of other structural measures: check dams; retention ditches

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Stem cuttings planted in gullies to form living check dams: recently planted (left) and cuttings that have begun to take root and sprout, resulting in the gully becoming filled with trapped sediment (right).

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate
Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, levelling of land
Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length

Construction material (wood): jinocuebo (Simaroubaceaes bombacaceaes, and also jobo, tiguilote, pochote from the same family), j
Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15%

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Calculate and mark spacing between structures.	结构性的	efore rainy season (April/May)
2.	Cut poles out of selected local trees (diameter: 5–15 cm,length: 1.5–2.5 m depending on gully depth).	结构性的	before rainy season (April/May)
3.	Dig small semi-circular ditches at the gully bottom (the depth of theditch is half the length of the cuttings).	结构性的	before rainy season (April/May)
4.	Plant the cuttings vertically into the ditch; put the thicker cuttingsin the middle of the gully where runoff velocity is higher.	结构性的	efore rainy season (April/May)
5.	Fill ditch with excavated earth to fix the cuttings.	结构性的	before rainy season (April/May)
6.	Water to encourage rooting.	结构性的	before rainy season (April/May)

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labour	ha	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
设备	tools	ha	1.0	20.0	20.0
设备	wheelbarrow	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
施工材料	wood	ha	1.0	60.0	60.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					190.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Biotrampas: pruning the trees	结构性的	every three years.
2.	Cut-off drains: clearing of sediment, cutting bushes and grasses.	结构性的
3.	Stone check dams: pruning trees and bushes every three years. After fullsedimentation, the dam may be increased in height.	结构性的
4.	Wooden check dams: pruning trees and bushes	结构性的	every three years.

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labour	ha	1.0	30.0	30.0	100.0
施工材料	wood	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					35.0

注释:

Costs are calculated for a 100 m long, 2 m wide and 1 m deep gully with check dams every 4 m, on the basis of one gully per hectare.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The wood (for poles) belongs to the land users themselves, thus the ‘cost’ does not involve purchase.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Off-farm income specification: temporary or permanent migration, particularly young people

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

注释:

66% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
30% of all farmers approached by the project (about 400 out of 1,200 land users) have built these check dams. Seeds, tools and credits were provided as incentives; the reasons for implementation included both the attraction of the incentives and perceived ecological benefits in terms of rehabilitation of degraded areas.

34% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Facilitated land management: area is no longer divided by gullies
Retards runoff speed: decreases erosion
Accumulation of fertile earth above the check dams, possibility of growing crops on ‘terraces’ between the structures
Increased soil moisture

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The check dams used alone as SWC measure may not be adequate to withstand concentrated runoff	It is important to combine this technology with other SWC practices (e.g. retention ditches on slopes at both sides of gully, live fences, etc).
Only likely to be applied where land use rights are guaranteed.
Labour intensive.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Gurdiel G . La construcción de diques. Tierra Fresca, Simas-Enlace, Managua. 1993.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Guía Técnica de Conservación de Suelos y Agua. PASOLAC, Managua. 2000.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

LUPE . Manual Práctico de Manejo de Suelos en Laderas. Secretaría de Recursos Naturales, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 1994.