1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Sustainable Soil Management Programme, Nepal (SSMP)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Department of Agriculture, Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur (doasoil) - 尼泊尔

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

07/11/2008

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Collection and proper storage of farmyard manure in heaps or pits

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Farmyard manure - a varying mixture of animal manure, urine, bedding material, fodder residues, and other components - is the most common form of organic manure applied in the midhills of Nepal. Farmyard manure has a high proportion of organic material which nurtures soil organisms and is essential in maintaining an active soil life. Only about half of the nutrient content of farmyard manure becomes available for crop growth during the first year after it has been applied to the soil - the rest is channeled through soil biotic processes and the nutrients are released in the following years. The high organic matter content and the active soil life improve or maintain friable soil structures, increase the cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity, and infiltration rate, and reducing the risk of soil pests building up.
Indigenous methods of preparing and using farmyard manure vary widely depending on the ecological zone, access to bedding material from crop or forest land, access to crop residues and fodder, labour availability, and other factors. A prerequisite for the manure having a positive impact on soil fertility is that it is properly decomposed. The application of partially decomposed manure can increase the number of white grubs, red ants and other soil pests.
Decomposition is enhanced and the time it takes to happen is reduced if the manure is kept warm and moist (but not wet) at all times. Heaping the manure up or storing it in a pit helps. Whether it is best to heap up the manure or put it in a pit depends on the local climate. Heaping has the advantage of being less costly, while the pit method reduces runoff and the loss of nutrient rich fluids. Adding nitrogen in the form of urine (N) improves the carbon to nitrogen ratio.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• Access to manure

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Intensifying cultivation practices with either 1) inadequate application of fertilisers leading to a decline in soil fertility and the mining of soil nutrients or 2) application of too much fertiliser causing environmental problems through excessive leaching, and losses of fertiliser in surface runoff and consequent eutrophication or nitrification of streams, ponds or groundwater.

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

a) Heap method
b) Pit method
c) Semi-pit method
The method should be chosen that
is most convenient and provides the
most favourable environment for
decomposition of the manure.
Generally heaps and pits are about 1 to 2m in diameter
depending on the amount of
manure produced and required.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility, increase in soil productivity

Secondary technical functions: increased infiltration rate and water holding capacity, improved soil physical properties

Layout change according to natural and human environment: heaping or storage in pits

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Dig a 1m deep and 2m diameter pit using a shovel or spade.	管理
2.	Pit method: Put dung mixed with leaf litter, bedding material and fodder residues in the pit until it is full.	管理
3.	Apply urine directly over the manure heap using a plastic pipe or jug.	管理
4.	Cover the heap with a fine layer of straw, mud, soil or plastic sheet or any other suitable local materials to protect it from direct sunlight and excessive water.	管理

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Preapring manure pit	Persons/day	1.0	2.0	2.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					2.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	About one month after beginning to collect and pile up the material, turn	管理
2.	Depending on the location, it takes about 3-4 months to prepare fully decomposed farmyard manure.	管理

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Decompose manure	Persons/day	1.0	2.0	2.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					2.0

注释:

Cost as in January 2007

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The heap method is cheaper, as no digging is involved

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also moderate (6-10%), rolling (11-15%) and hilly (16-30%)

Landforms: Also footslopes

Altitudinal zone: Also 1000-1500 m a.s.l., 1500-2000 m a.s.l. and 2000-2500 m a.s.l.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries, whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia, and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

Market orientation of production system: Also commercial/ market

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

注释:

sharecropping between owner and tenant

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

生态影响

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The high costs of mineral fertiliser mean that the establishment costs are recovered quarterly. Over the long-term, the major reduction in costs leads to large benefits.

6.5 技术采用

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Heap and pit methods have been very well accepted and adopted widely ( 60-70% ) of among participants in SSMP.The semi-pit method is not as accepted as the other methods due to its high initial establishment costs.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The use of improved and well-decomposed farmyard manure reduced the need for mineral fertiliser and pesticides thereby reducing production costs, cash expenditure, and outside dependency How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further promote the technology to increase this impact.
The use of fully decomposed farmyard manure reduces pest incidence, especially attacks of red ants and white grubs

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The initial establishment costs for building a semi-pit may hamper adoption	Promote alternative methods of building a semi-pit without using cement and using local resources

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

STSS; SSMP (2001) Farmyard Manure and Compost Management (in Nepali) Kathmandu: Soil Testing Services Section, Department of Agriculture and Sustainable Soil Management Programme

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

SSMP