1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie, Université de Lomé (ESA) - 多哥

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA) - 多哥

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

20/08/2007

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Smallstock manure production technology is an easy and efficient method to produce organic fertilizer for the conservation and improvement of soil fertility.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The main item within this practice is the so-called fosse fumière - a 1-2 m deep and 3-4 m diameter circular pit, enclosed by a stone wall. The pit has a double function: it is the place where manure is produced and it serves as shed for small ruminants (goats, sheep), particularly to avoid uncontrolled grazing /browsing during the cropping season (from April until November). Animals are fed in the fosse, and they drop their faeces, which together with chopped organic material accruing from the kitchen and field activities, piles up in the pit for decomposition. The fosse is partly roofed to provide optimal micro-climatic conditions: partial shading, partial exposure to sunlight and appropriate moistening through rainfall. Inside the pit, one or more circular terraces (0.5 m high, 0.5 m wide) serve as resting area for the animals. The terrace riser need to be plastered or reinforced with stones, particularly in case of loose soil, to avoid damage caused by animal trampling. After decomposition the manure is removed from the pit and distributed on the fields beginning of each cropping season (March). Then straw bedding is renewed and the process starts from scratch. During the dry season from December to March smallstock is left to graze freely on the fields and pastures.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology was early traditional and passed from father to son. It was improved in 1987.

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): soil fertility decline

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180, Longest growing period from month to month: May-October

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农畜综合管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.15.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Type of agronomic measures: manure / compost / residues

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Dimensions and main components of a manure production pit: (1) open part of the roof; (2) covered part of the roof; (3) stone wall; (4) poles (holding the roof); (5) terraces (where animals can rest)

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Material/ species: compost (mixture of animal faeces and vegetative scraps

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Delimitation of the perimeter of the pit and the position of the steps	农业学的
2.	Excavation of the pit, shaping a terraced structure 1-3 circular, 0.5 m high and 0.5 wide terrace	农业学的
3.	Build up a stone wall around the pit, spaced at minimum 0.5 m from the pit, with an integrated ga	农业学的
4.	Build a roof, which partly covers the pit	农业学的
5.	Put straw on the ground and corral the animals	农业学的
6.	After one year (April to March) the compost is ready for application on the field	农业学的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
设备	machine use	None	1.0	182.22	182.22	100.0
设备	animal traction
设备	tools: shovel, cutlass, rope, mattock
技术建立所需总成本					382.22

注释:

Material such as stones and straw are available on the farm (no monetary costs)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Continuous depositing and piling up of vegetative material (dung, kitchen waste, crop residues)	农业学的
2.	Let decompose the organic material inside the pit. Twice a year (between April and November) the material is actively mixed for aeration	农业学的	Twice a year (between April and November
3.	Distribute the manure on the fields (during rainy season)	农业学的	during rainy season

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	150.0	150.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					150.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Main cost-relevant factor is labour.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

good soil drainage to avoid flooding of the ditch

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

注释:

Technology not much affected by climatic extremes or changes.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

60 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: depending mainly on the availability of livestock

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Production of green manure How can they be sustained / enhanced? maintenance of the pit
Increase of crop yield through fertilization How can they be sustained / enhanced? renewal of litter
Rehabilitation of degraded soils
Limited animal roaming and destroying of crops How can they be sustained / enhanced? corrall livestock in the pit

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Manual construction is very labour-intensive	mechanized excavation
Air pollution through smelly animal dung	add products which attenuate the smell; establish the manure pit outside the residential area
Accident risk for children	establish the manure pit outside the residential area

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Rapport, Projet de formation et de démonstrations agroforestières au nord Togo(ATDNT), Care International au Togo. 1997.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ESA-UL

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Rapport, Facteurs d' acceptabilité de techniques de conservation des sols dans le système de production vivrière au Nord -Est du Togo, AMEGBETO K. N. et MAWUSSI G.. 2003.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ESA-UL