1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development of Kenya (MoA) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Rotational grazing is a management system based on the subdivision of the grazing area into a number of enclosures and the successive grazing of these paddocks by animals in a rotation so that not all the veld (grazing area) is grazed simultaneously

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Consequently, rotational grazing allows higher stocking rates than continuous grazing. The main principles of rotational grazing are: (1) Control the frequency at which pasture is grazed: adjustment of the rotation cycle ensures a good forage quality in each paddock. Pasture plants (including the most preferred and therefore overused species) are provided with a period of recovery or rest following grazing; (2) Control the intensity at which the pasture plants are grazed by controlling the number of animals which graze each paddock and their period of occupation; (3) Reduce the extent of selective grazing by confining a relatively large number of animals to a small portion of the veld: little opportunity for selection prevents domination of undesirable species. Intensity of grazing should be adapted to the climatic conditions: in drier areas recovery periods should be longer due to limited plant recovery potential and high sensitivity to misuse and degradation. The ratio between periods of occupation and absence determines the plant yield and vigour: the shorter the period of occupation in a paddock the greater will be the yield of the veld: a second ‘bite’ is avoided and consequently the recovery period is at least equal to the period of absence. However, the shorter the period of occupation and the longer the period of absence, the greater is the number of paddocks required in a rotational grazing system. Ideal resting periods vary with growth rate, and with the rate at which the veld loses its quality with maturity. Depending on the season, the climate and the use of irrigation, resting periods vary between 14 and 70 days, and even longer in the semi-arid grasslands (90–150 days). Appropriate stocking rates are assessed through 4 rating factors (defining the veld condition): species composition, basal cover, topography and soil erodibility

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Mainly biological degradation: reduction of vegetation cover, decreasing vegetation diversity

Ranching: Yes

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

注释:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (layout of the camps and design of stock watering and grazing system)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (implementation of the system, building of fences and stock watering system, maintenance)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Change of land use practices / intensity level: change of grazing management

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Farm planning: including technical design of farm plan with grazing paddocks, rotational system and livestock watering system conducted mostly by extension workers or specialists from Dept. of Agriculture	管理
2.	Fencing	管理
3.	Establishment of stock watering system including the construction of a dam, windmill, drinking trough, pipeline and borehole	管理
4.	Establishment of stock watering system including the construction of a dam, windmill, drinking trough, pipeline and borehole	管理

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Farm planning, fencing, stock watering	persons/day/ha	85.0	71.52	6079.2	100.0
设备	Equipment	area	1.0	1160.0	1160.0	100.0
施工材料	Construction material	area	1.0	45173.0	45173.0
技术建立所需总成本					52412.2

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Fencing	管理
2.	Maintenance of windmill, pipeline, dam and drinking trough	管理
3.	Implementing the system (moving livestock from one paddock to another, attend to livestock watering requirements (opening and closing of valves and attending to windmill brake on windy days)	管理

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Fencing	persons/day/ha	32.0	99.15	3172.8	100.0
施工材料	Material	area	1.0	10213.0	10213.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					13385.8

注释:

Above mentioned costs are merely and indication for a typical livestock farm of 500 ha.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Estimated establishment time for a 500 ha farm with 8 paddocks more or less 6 month(s). The establishment and maintenance costs depend on farm size and the details of the farm plan/ design of the paddock system including variables such as number of paddocks, number of stock watering points, number of boreholes, etc.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also moderate (6-10%)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is high and just soils with high fertility are used for cultivation

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - good

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: mainly large-scale commercial livestock farmers (large areas allow for many grazing paddocks)

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

注释:

Mainly individual not titled or partly communal village ownership

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

注释:

The technology is tolerant to climatic changes: land users can adjust grazing and resting periods according to changing conditions

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Establishment costs are very high and discourage many farmers from using a multi-paddock grazing system

6.5 技术采用

注释:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Since 1994 rotational grazing has no longer been subsidised by the government (subsidies are restricted to small-scale communal and subsistence farmers). There is a moderate positive trend in adoption of the technology.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Rotational grazing allows higher stocking rates than continuous grazing
Adaptation to climate change and droughts

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Cost of construction or initial implementation	convince farmers to see it as a long term investment to ensure sustainable production
Veld fires damage fences and drinking troughs	prevent accidental veld fires by making fire bunds at the start of the dry season

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Tainton N.M. 1988. Veld and Pasture Management in South Africa. Shuter & Shooter, Pietermaritzburg in association with University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Department of Agriculture and Water Supply. 1989. Veld management in the Eastern Cape. Government Printer, Pretoria